Skip to main content
Download PDF

Polymorphisms in endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase genes are associated with cervical cancer risk in a Chinese Han population

BMC Cancer volume 20, Article number: 341 (2020) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Antigen-processing machinery molecules play crucial roles in infectious diseases and cancers. Studies have shown that polymorphisms in endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase (ERAP) genes can influence the enzymatic activity of ERAP proteins and are associated with the risk of diseases. In the current study, we evaluated the influence of ERAP gene (ERAP1 and ERAP2) polymorphisms on susceptibility to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical cancer.

Methods

Six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ERAP1 and 5 SNPs in ERAP2 were selected and genotyped in 556 CIN patients, 1072 cervical cancer patients, and 1262 healthy control individuals. Candidate SNPs were genotyped using SNaPshot assay. And the association of these SNPs with CIN and cervical cancer was analysed.

Results

The results showed that allelic and genotypic frequencies of rs26653 in ERAP1 were significantly different between cervical cancer and control groups (P = 0.001 and 0.004). The allelic frequencies of rs27044 in ERAP1 and rs2287988 in ERAP2 were significantly different between control and cervical cancer groups (P = 0.003 and 0.004). Inheritance model analysis showed that genotypes of rs27044, rs26618, rs26653 and rs2287988 SNPs may be associated with the risk of cervical cancer (P = 0.003, 0.004, 0.001 and 0.002). Additionally, haplotype analysis results showed that the ERAP1 haplotype, rs27044C-rs30187T-rs26618T-rs26653G-rs3734016C, was associated with a lower risk of cervical cancer (P = 0.001). The ERAP2 haplotypes rs2549782G- rs2548538A-rs2248374A-rs2287988G-rs1056893T (P = 0.009 and 0.006) and rs2549782T-rs2548538T-rs2248374G-rs2287988A-rs1056893T (P = 0.003 and 0.009) might be associated with cervical cancer and the development from CIN to cervical cancer.

Conclusion

Our results indicated that rs27044, rs26618 and rs26653 in ERAP1 and rs2287988 in ERAP2 influenced susceptibility to cervical cancer.

Peer Review reports

Background

The antigen-processing machinery (APM) is composed of the proteasome, where exogenous and tumour antigens are degraded into peptides; transporters associated with antigen presentation (TAPs), which are responsible for the translocation of peptide precursors; endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidases (ERAPs), which trim the peptides to fit major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules; and MHC proteins, which present antigen peptides on the cell surface [1, 2]. Human ERAPs, which belong to the oxytocinase subfamily of M1 metalloproteases, are crucial molecules of the APM. In the endoplasmic reticulum lumen, ERAP1 and ERAP2 trim peptides into their final length to render them suitable for loading onto HLA class I molecules [3, 4]. Recently, several studies have shown that ERAP proteins play crucial roles in autoimmune diseases [5, 6], infectious diseases [7, 8], and cancers [9, 10].

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common malignancy in women globally [11]. Persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection confers a high risk of cervical cancer [12, 13]. Since the HLA class I antigen-presenting system is responsible for the presentation of foreign and cancerous antigens to the immune system [14, 15], and ERAPs downregulation was observed in cervical cancer [16, 17], therefore, ERAP proteins may play crucial roles in the initiation and development of cervical cancer [18].

Previous studies revealed the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ERAP genes (such as rs26653, rs30187, rs27044, rs2549782, rs2287988, rs26618, rs3734016, rs27037, rs2248374, rs2548538 and rs1056893) and autoimmune and infectious diseases [19,20,21,22], and human cancers [23,24,25,26]. Moreover, functional studies have shown that SNPs in ERAP genes could affect the enzymatic activity and selectivity of ERAP proteins (such as rs27044, and rs30187 in ERAP1 gene, rs2287988 in ERAP2 gene) [27,28,29,30,31,32], and affect the conformation of ERAP proteins (such as rs27044, rs30187 and rs26653 in ERAP1 gene; rs2549782 and rs2287988 in ERAP2 gene) [31, 33, 34]. These results suggested that SNPs in ERAP genes could be valuable to be selected for association studies. Thus, in the current study, we selected 11 SNPs located in ERAP1 (rs27037, rs27044, rs30187, rs26618, rs26653 and rs3734016) and ERAP2 (rs2549782, rs2548538, rs2248374, 2,287,988 and rs1056893) and investigated their distribution in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical cancer and healthy individuals, to assess their association with the initiation and development of cervical cancer.

Methods

Study population

In the current study, a total of 556 patients with CIN and 1072 patients with cervical cancer were enrolled at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University from May 2014 to August 2018. The inclusion criteria were as follows: 1) diagnosis of CIN or cervical cancer according to Current Diagnosis and Treatment: Obstetrics and Gynaecology and International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (2009) guidelines; 2) no other malignancy in patients and no history of cancer or other chronic diseases in control individuals; and 3) no preoperative neoadjuvant therapies (including chemotherapy and radiotherapy). The exclusion criteria for patients were as follows: 1) a prior history of primary cancer other than cervical cancer; 2) malignant tumours other than cervical cancer; 3) currently receiving radiotherapy or chemotherapy; and 4) an unclear diagnosis. Over the same period, 1262 healthy women from a health screening project at the same hospital were enrolled as controls.

SNP selection and genotyping

Six SNPs located in ERAP1 and 5 SNPs located in ERAP2 were selected in the current study. The minor allele frequency should be over 0.05 in East Asian population (http://asia.ensembl.org/index.html). The details of the selected SNPs are displayed in Supplementary Table 1. Venous blood samples were collected for the extraction of genomic DNA, using the QIAamp Blood Mini Kit (Qiagen NV, Venlo, Netherlands). Genotyping of the 11 SNPs was performed using the SNaPshot SNP assay (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), and results were analysed using GeneMapper TM 4.0 software (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). For quality control, 5% of samples from the case and control groups were genotyped twice with unique analysis serial numbers and the reproducibility was found to be 100%.

Statistical analysis

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was evaluated to determine the representativeness of the study population. The differences in age among the CIN, cervical cancer, and control groups were analysed using a one-way ANOVA, with a least significant difference test for multiple comparison correction. Allelic and genotypic frequencies of these SNPs were compared between different groups using a Chi-square test and odds ratios (ORs) with associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Additionally, linkage disequilibrium (LD) was calculated and a D’ value greater than 0.80 was considered to indicate LD. The haplotypes among these SNPs were analysed using SHEsis software [35, 36]. Subsequently, the distribution of the haplotypes between different groups was compared using a Chi-square test. In addition, inheritance analysis adjusted by age was performed using SNPstats software to identify the relationship between genotypes at these SNPs and cervical cancer [37]. In the inheritance analysis, four inheritance models (codominant, dominant, recessive, and log-additive) were analysed. Simultaneously, Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC) values were calculated to determine the inheritance model with the best fit, i.e. the model with the smallest AIC and BIC values [37]. The statistical power was calculated using Power and Sample Size software (V3.1.2) [38]. Bonferroni correction was performed for multiple comparisons, after which the statistical significance threshold was set at P < 0.0045 (0.05/11).

Results

Characteristics of the subjects

Table 1 shows the clinical data of the subjects in the present study. There was no significant difference in age among the control, CIN, and cervical cancer groups (P > 0.05, F = 1.438), as evaluated by one-way ANOVA. In the CIN group, there were 65 patients with low-grade CIN (I/II) and 491 patients with high-grade CIN (III). In the cervical cancer group, there were 151 patients with adenocarcinoma, 903 patients with squamous cell carcinoma, and 18 patients with other pathological types.

Table 1 Characteristics of the subjects enrolled in the current study
Full size table

Association of the eleven SNPs with CIN and cervical cancer

All 11 SNPs were in HWE in the control group (P > 0.05) (Supplementary Table 1). The allelic and genotypic frequencies of these SNPs are presented in Tables 2 and 3. The results showed that the allelic and genotypic frequencies of rs26618 (P = 0.021 and 0.016, respectively), rs26653 (P = 0.001 and 0.004), rs27044 (P = 0.003 and 0.012) and rs30187 (P = 0.008 and 0.020) in ERAP1 (Table 2) and rs2248374 (P = 0.014 and 0.020) and rs2287988 (P = 0.004 and 0.007) in ERAP2 (Table 3) were significantly different between cervical cancer and control groups. Additionally, the allelic and genotypic distributions of rs2248374 (P = 0.015 and 0.041, respectively) and rs2287988 (P = 0.014 and 0.039) in ERAP2 were significantly different between CIN and cervical cancer groups (Table 3). However, after Bonferroni correction, only rs26653, rs27044, and rs2287988 were associated with cervical cancer risk (P < 0.0045). The results indicated that, in ERAP1, the G allele of rs26653 may be associated with a lower risk of cervical cancer compared with C allele (OR = 0.829; 95% CI: 0.738–0.930) and the C allele of rs27044 may be a protective factor for cervical cancer (OR = 0.838, 95% CI: 0.746–0.941). Moreover, the G allele of rs2287988 in ERAP2 may be associated with a higher risk of cervical cancer (OR = 1.187, 95% CI: 1.057–1.332). There were no SNPs in ERAP1 (Table 2) or ERAP2 (Table 3) that exhibited a significantly different distribution between the CIN and control groups or between the CIN and cervical cancer groups after Bonferroni correction (P > 0.0045).

Table 2 The allelic and genotypic distribution among control, CIN and cervical cancer groups of SNPs in ERAP1 gene
Full size table
Table 3 The allelic and genotypic distribution among control, CIN and cervical cancer groups of SNPs in ERAP2 gene
Full size table

Inheritance model analysis

To evaluate the genotypic association of the 11 SNPs with CIN and cervical cancer, inheritance analysis was performed among cervical cancer, CIN, and control groups (Table 4, Table 5, and Supplementary Tables 2–5). The CC genotype of rs26618 was a risk factor for cervical cancer, compared with TT-CT genotype (P = 0.004; OR = 1.53, 95%CI: 1.14–2.05) in the recessive model (the best-fit inheritance model for the comparison between control and cervical cancer groups) (Table 4). The 2GG + CG genotype of rs26653 was associated with a lower risk of cervical cancer compared with the CC genotype (P = 0.001, OR = 0.82; 95% CI: 0.73–0.93) in the log-additive model (the best-fit inheritance model for the comparison between control and cervical cancer groups) (Table 4). The 2CC + CG genotype of rs27044 may be a protective factor against cervical cancer compared with the GG genotype (P = 0.003, OR = 0.84; 95% CI: 0.75–0.94) in the log-additive model (the best-fit inheritance model for the comparison between control and cervical cancer groups) (Table 4) and the GG-GA genotype of rs2287988 may be a risk factor for cervical cancer compared with the AA genotype (P = 0.002, OR = 1.33; 95% CI: 1.11–1.60) in the dominant model (the best fit inheritance model for the comparison between control and cervical cancer groups) (Table 5).

Table 4 Inheritance model analysis of SNPs in ERAP1 gene between control and cervical cancer groups
Full size table
Table 5 Inheritance model analysis of SNPs in ERAP2 gene between control and cervical cancer groups
Full size table

Linkage disequilibrium (LD) and haplotype analysis of SNPs in ERAP1 and ERAP2

The results of LD analysis showed that rs26618, rs26653, rs27044, rs30187, and rs3734016 in ERAP1 and rs2248374, rs2549782, rs2287988, rs2548538, and rs1056893 in ERAP2 were in LD (D’ > 0.80) (Supplementary Tables 6, 7). Subsequently, we constructed the haplotypes, rs27044-rs30187-rs26618-rs26653-rs3734016 and rs2549782-rs2548538-rs2248374-rs2287988-rs1056893. The distribution of these haplotypes (with a frequency of more than 3%) was compared in a pairwise manner among the cervical cancer, CIN, and control groups (Tables 6 and 7). The ERAP1 haplotype, rs27044C-rs30187T-rs26618T-rs26653G-rs3734016C, was associated with a lower risk of cervical cancer (P = 0.001; OR = 0.804, 95% CI: 0.711–0.910) (Table 6). The distribution of haplotypes rs2549782G-rs2548538A-rs2248374A-rs2287988G-rs1056893T and rs2549782T-rs2548538T-rs2248374G-rs2287988A-rs1056893T in ERAP2 (Table 7) were significantly different in the control (P = 0.009 and 0.003, respectively) and CIN (P = 0.006 and 0.009) groups compared with the cervical cancer group. The results indicated that rs2549782G-rs2548538A-rs2248374A-rs2287988G-rs1056893T may be associated with a higher risk of cervical cancer (OR = 1.592, 95% CI: 1.122–2.258) and the progression from CIN to cervical cancer (OR = 2.000, 95% CI: 1.215–3.292). Moreover, rs2549782T-rs2548538T-rs2248374G-rs2287988A-rs1056893T may be associated with a lower risk of cervical cancer (OR = 0.835, 95%CI: 0.740–0.942) and the progression from CIN to cervical cancer (OR = 0.817, 95% CI: 0.702–0.951).

Table 6 The distribution of the haplotypes constructed by SNPs in ERAP1 gene
Full size table
Table 7 The distribution of the haplotypes constructed by SNPs in ERAP2 gene
Full size table

Discussion

The immune system is activated by MHC-peptide complexes, after which it eliminates infected and cancerous cells in various ways. The APM plays crucial roles in the initiation and development of various human diseases. As components of the APM, ERAP1 and ERAP2 are important determinants of the repertoire of peptides ultimately presented by HLA class I molecules [39,40,41,42]. Moreover, the SNPs in ERAP genes have been shown to affect the function of ERAPs by changing their peptidome or enzymatic activity [29, 30, 43]. In cervical cancer, ERAP1 and ERAP2 proteins have been reported to be highly variable, ranging from low to high expression levels [44,45,46]. Although there are inconsistencies among these studies, it is clear that the dysregulated expression of ERAP proteins, which may be induced by ERAP gene SNPs [47, 48], is associated with cervical cancer risk.

In 2007, Mehta et al. found that rs27044 in ERAP1 was associated with cervical cancer risk. In the current study, rs27044 was found to be associated with cervical cancer risk (P = 0.003). The C allele of rs27044 (Q730) was found to be a protective factor for cervical cancer (OR = 0.838, 95% CI: 0.746–0.941) (Table 2), which was consistent with the results of Mehta’s study [24]. The SNP, rs27044, a non-synonymous polymorphism, leads to a Q730E substitution in the IV catalysis domain of ERAP1 [33] and may change the substrate length preferences of ERAP1 [49]. Therefore, rs27044 may play a role in cervical cancer by affecting ERAP1 function.

The SNP, rs26618, in ERAP1 leads to an amino acid substitution (I276M) and the current study showed that the CC genotype of this SNP may be associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer (OR = 1.53; 95% CI: 1.14–2.05) compared with TT-CT genotypes (Table 4). In 2016, Guasp et al. reported that I276M (rs26618) may affect the peptidome of ERAP1 by destroying peptides with p2 Ala, unless the p1 amino acid was resistant to ERAP1 trimming [43], which indicated that rs26618 may be associated with cervical cancer. However, in a Netherlands population, Mehta et al. reported no association between rs26618 and cervical carcinoma. One of the reasons of inconsistency between our data and Mehta et al. could be the different sample sizes and statistical power. The sample size used by Mehta et al. was 251 individuals and the statistical power of rs26618 is 0.141, while 2890 individuals were enrolled in the current study and the statistical power of the same SNP is 0.621. In addition, the different population genetic background could be another reason.

In 2007, Mehta et al. reported that the C allele of rs26653 in ERAP1 was associated with a higher cervical cancer risk in a Netherlands population [24]. In the current study, the G allele (OR = 0.829; 95% CI: 0.738–0.930) (Table 2), compared to the C allele, and the 2GG + CG genotype, compared to the CC genotype (OR = 0.82; 95% CI: 0.73–0.93) of rs26653, were associated with lower cervical cancer risk (Table 4). In 2014, Stratikos et al. and Alvarez-Navarro et al. reported that rs26653, which is a non-synonymous polymorphism resulting in a P127R substitution, may be associated with ERAP expression [18, 49], and this substitution may also affect the enzymatic activity of ERAP1 in the editing of tumour antigen peptides. This finding may explain the association between rs26653 and cervical cancer risk; however, the mechanisms need to be determined in functional studies.

In the current study, we found an association between rs2287988 in ERAP2, which is responsible for a synonymous polymorphism (Q563Q), and cervical cancer. The G allele may be associated with a higher risk of cervical cancer (P = 0.004; OR = 1.187, 95% CI: 1.057–1.332) (Table 3). Moreover, the GG-GA genotype was associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer (P = 0.002; OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.11–1.60) (Table 5). However, association studies of this SNP are rare. Previous studies have found that ERAP2 haplotypes containing rs2287988 affect ERAP2 splicing and expression [50, 51]. Thus, additional association studies in different populations are necessary to investigate the role of this polymorphism during the initiation and development of cervical cancer.

ERAPs are markedly polymorphic and ERAP haplotypes whose protein products differ at multiple amino acids may affect peptide editing by ERAPs [29, 30, 52, 53]. In the current study, we also analysed haplotypes of ERAP SNPs in LD. The results showed that the ERAP1 haplotype, rs27044C-rs30187T-rs26618T-rs26653G-rs3734016C and the ERAP2 haplotypes, rs2549782T-rs2548538T-rs2248374G-rs2287988A-rs1056893T and rs2549782G-rs2548538A-rs2248374A-rs2287988G-rs1056893T may be associated with cervical cancer risk. These results indicated that SNPs in polymorphic genes may have combinatorial effects on disease susceptibility.

Conclusion

Studies indicated that genetic factors might be correlated with cervical cancer risk [54,55,56], the clinical parameters of cervical cancer [57, 58] and the clinical outcome of cervical cancer [59, 60]. In the current study, we found that genetic polymorphisms in ERAP1 and ERAP2 genes might be associated with CIN and cervical cancer, and suggested that polymorphisms in key antigen-processing genes could affect susceptibility of cervical cancer. The strength of our study could be we investigated the association of ERAP SNPs with different stages of cervical cancer (healthy individuals, CIN and cervical cancer patients). By contrary, the limitations of our study are that we could not collect more details of the patients’ clinical parameters and had no functional verification. Association studies can only provide preliminary results for the correlation between genetic factors and cervical cancer susceptibility, the determination of the SNPs’ roles in cervical cancer requires functional studies to be resolved in the future.

Availability of data and materials

The data generated during the current study are available to any scientist wishing to use them for non-commercial purpose from the corresponding author on reasonable request. However, the clinical data might be available without the privacy data of participates in the current study.

Abbreviations

ERAP:

Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase

SNPs:

Single nucleotide polymorphisms

APM:

Antigen-processing machinery

TAPs:

Transporters associated with antigen presentation

MHC:

Major histocompatibility complex

HPV:

Human papillomavirus

HWE:

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

ORs:

Odds ratios

CIN:

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

SCC:

squamous cell carcinoma

AC:

Adenocarcinoma

CIs:

confidence intervals

LD:

Linkage disequilibrium

AIC:

Akaike information criterion

BIC:

Bayesian information criterion

References

  1. Germain RN, Margulies DH. The biochemistry and cell biology of antigen processing and presentation. Annu Rev Immunol. 1993;11:403–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Heemels MT, Ploegh H. Generation, translocation, and presentation of MHC class I-restricted peptides. Annu Rev Biochem. 1995;64:463–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Vyas JM, Van der Veen AG, Ploegh HL. The known unknowns of antigen processing and presentation. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008;8(8):607–18.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Saric T, Chang SC, Hattori A, York IA, Markant S, Rock KL, et al. An IFN-gamma-induced aminopeptidase in the ER, ERAP1, trims precursors to MHC class I-presented peptides. Nat Immunol. 2002;3(12):1169–76.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Pepelyayeva Y, Amalfitano A. The role of ERAP1 in autoinflammation and autoimmunity. Hum Immunol. 2019;80(5):302–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Reeves E, James E. The role of polymorphic ERAP1 in autoinflammatory disease. Biosci Rep. 2018;38(4):BSR20171503.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Lorente E, Barriga A, Johnstone C, Mir C, Jimenez M, Lopez D. Concerted in vitro trimming of viral HLA-B27-restricted ligands by human ERAP1 and ERAP2 aminopeptidases. PLoS One. 2013;8(11):e79596.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Cifaldi L, Romania P, Lorenzi S, Locatelli F, Fruci D. Role of endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidases in health and disease: from infection to cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2012;13(7):8338–52.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Compagnone M, Cifaldi L, Fruci D. Regulation of ERAP1 and ERAP2 genes and their disfunction in human cancer. Hum Immunol. 2019;80(5):318–24.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Stoehr CG, Buettner-Herold M, Kamphausen E, Bertz S, Hartmann A, Seliger B. Comparative expression profiling for human endoplasmic reticulum-resident aminopeptidases 1 and 2 in normal kidney versus distinct renal cell carcinoma subtypes. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2013;6(6):998–1008.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, Ferlay J, Lortet-Tieulent J, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015;65(2):87–108.

    PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Walboomers JM, Jacobs MV, Manos MM, Bosch FX, Kummer JA, Shah KV, et al. Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide. J Pathol. 1999;189(1):12–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Munoz N. Human papillomavirus and cancer: the epidemiological evidence. J Clin Virol. 2000;19(1–2):1–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Delves PJ, Roitt IM. The immune system. First of two parts. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(1):37–49.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Paaso A, Jaakola A, Syrjänen S, Louvanto K. From HPV infection to lesion progression: the role of HLA alleles and host immunity. Acta Cytol. 2019;63(2):148–58.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Mehta AM, Michelle O, Sandra K-U, Jan FG, S. JE. Molecular backgrounds of ERAP1 Downregulation in cervical carcinoma. Anal Cell Pathol. 2015;2015:367837.

  17. Mirco C, Loredana C, Doriana F. Regulation of ERAP1 and ERAP2 genes and their disfunction in human cancer. Hum Immunolo. 2019;80(5):318–24.

  18. Stratikos E, Stamogiannos A, Zervoudi E, Fruci D. A role for naturally occurring alleles of endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidases in tumor immunity and cancer pre-disposition. Front Oncol. 2014;4:363.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Wang J, Li H, Wang J, Gao X. Association between ERAP1 gene polymorphisms and ankylosing spondylitis susceptibility in Han population. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2015;8(9):11641–6.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Hill LD, Hilliard DD, York TP, Srinivas S, Kusanovic JP, Gomez R, et al. Fetal ERAP2 variation is associated with preeclampsia in African Americans in a case-control study. BMC Med Gene. 2011;12:64.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Cagliani R, Riva S, Biasin M, Fumagalli M, Pozzoli U, Lo Caputo S, et al. Genetic diversity at endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidases is maintained by balancing selection and is associated with natural resistance to HIV-1 infection. Hum Mol Genet. 2010;19(23):4705–14.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Liu S, Cao D, Shen Y, Li Y, Li Y, Shi L, et al. The ERAP gene is associated with HCV chronic infection in a Chinese Han population. Hum Immunol. 2017;78(11–12):731–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Yao Y, Wisniewski A, Ma Q, Kowal A, Porebska I, Pawelczyk K, et al. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of the ERAP1 gene and Risk of NSCLC: a comparison of genetically distant populations, Chinese and Caucasian. Arch Immunol Ther Exp. 2016;64(Suppl 1):117–22.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Mehta AM, Jordanova ES, van Wezel T, Uh HW, Corver WE, Kwappenberg KM, et al. Genetic variation of antigen processing machinery components and association with cervical carcinoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2007;46(6):577–86.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Mehta AM, Jordanova ES, Corver WE, van Wezel T, Uh HW, Kenter GG, et al. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in antigen processing machinery component ERAP1 significantly associate with clinical outcome in cervical carcinoma. Genes, chromosomes & cancer. 2009;48(5):410–8.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Mehta AM, Spaans VM, Mahendra NB, Osse EM, Vet JN, Purwoto G, et al. Differences in genetic variation in antigen-processing machinery components and association with cervical carcinoma risk in two Indonesian populations. Immunogenetics. 2015;67(5–6):267–75.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Birtley JR, Saridakis E, Stratikos E, Mavridis IM. The crystal structure of human endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 2 reveals the atomic basis for distinct roles in antigen processing. Biochemistry. 2012;51(1):286–95.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Mpakali A, Giastas P, Mathioudakis N, Mavridis IM, Saridakis E, Stratikos E. Structural basis for antigenic peptide recognition and processing by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Aminopeptidase 2. J Biol Chem. 2015;290(43):26021–32.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Stamogiannos A, Koumantou D, Papakyriakou A, Stratikos E. Effects of polymorphic variation on the mechanism of Endoplasmic Reticulum Aminopeptidase 1. Mol Immunol. 2015;67(2 Pt B):426–35.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Evnouchidou I, Kamal RP, Seregin SS, Goto Y, Tsujimoto M, Hattori A, et al. Cutting Edge: Coding single nucleotide polymorphisms of endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 can affect antigenic peptide generation in vitro by influencing basic enzymatic properties of the enzyme. J Immunol. 2011;186(4):1909–13.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Evnouchidou I, Birtley J, Seregin S, Papakyriakou A, Zervoudi E, Samiotaki M, et al. A common single nucleotide polymorphism in endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 2 induces a specificity switch that leads to altered antigen processing. J Immunol. 2012;189(5):2383–92.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Zervoudi E, Papakyriakou A, Georgiadou D, Evnouchidou I, Gajda A, Poreba M, et al. Probing the S1 specificity pocket of the aminopeptidases that generate antigenic peptides. Biochem J. 2011;435(2):411–20.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Hattori A, Tsujimoto M. Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidases: biochemistry, physiology and pathology. J Biochem. 2013;154(3):219–28.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Nguyen TT, Chang SC, Evnouchidou I, York IA, Zikos C, Rock KL, et al. Structural basis for antigenic peptide precursor processing by the endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase ERAP1. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2011;18(5):604–13.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Li Z, Zhang Z, He Z, Tang W, Li T, Zeng Z, et al. A partition-ligation-combination-subdivision EM algorithm for haplotype inference with multiallelic markers: update of the SHEsis (http://analysis.bio-x.cn). Cell Res. 2009;19(4):519–23.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Shi YY, He L. SHEsis, a powerful software platform for analyses of linkage disequilibrium, haplotype construction, and genetic association at polymorphism loci. Cell Res. 2005;15(2):97–8.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Sole X, Guino E, Valls J, Iniesta R, Moreno V. SNPStats: a web tool for the analysis of association studies. Bioinformatics. 2006;22(15):1928–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Dupont WD, Plummer WD Jr. Power and sample size calculations. A review and computer program. Control Clin Trials. 1990;11(2):116–28.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Falk K, Rotzschke O. The final cut: how ERAP1 trims MHC ligands to size. Nat Immunol. 2002;3(12):1121–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  40. York IA, Chang SC, Saric T, Keys JA, Favreau JM, Goldberg AL, et al. The ER aminopeptidase ERAP1 enhances or limits antigen presentation by trimming epitopes to 8-9 residues. Nat Immunol. 2002;3(12):1177–84.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Chang SC, Momburg F, Bhutani N, Goldberg AL. The ER aminopeptidase, ERAP1, trims precursors to lengths of MHC class I peptides by a "molecular ruler" mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102(47):17107–12.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Saveanu L, Carroll O, Lindo V, Del Val M, Lopez D, Lepelletier Y, et al. Concerted peptide trimming by human ERAP1 and ERAP2 aminopeptidase complexes in the endoplasmic reticulum. Nat Immunol. 2005;6(7):689–97.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Guasp P, Alvarez-Navarro C, Gomez-Molina P, Martin-Esteban A, Marcilla M, Barnea E, et al. The Peptidome of Behcet's Disease-Associated HLA-B*51:01 Includes Two Subpeptidomes Differentially Shaped by Endoplasmic Reticulum Aminopeptidase 1. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(2):505–15.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Mehta AM, Jordanova ES, Kenter GG, Ferrone S, Fleuren GJ. Association of antigen processing machinery and HLA class I defects with clinicopathological outcome in cervical carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2008;57(2):197–206.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Uhlen M, Fagerberg L, Hallstrom BM, Lindskog C, Oksvold P, Mardinoglu A, et al. Proteomics. Tissue-based map of the human proteome. Science. 2015;347(6220):1260419.

    PubMed  Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Steinbach A, Winter J, Reuschenbach M, Blatnik R, Klevenz A, Bertrand M, et al. ERAP1 overexpression in HPV-induced malignancies: a possible novel immune evasion mechanism. Oncoimmunology. 2017;6(7):e1336594.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Costantino F, Talpin A, Evnouchidou I, Kadi A, Leboime A, Said-Nahal R, et al. ERAP1 Gene Expression Is Influenced by Nonsynonymous Polymorphisms Associated With Predisposition to Spondyloarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatology. 2015;67(6):1525–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Hanson AL, Cuddihy T, Haynes K, Loo D, Morton CJ, Oppermann U, et al. Genetic Variants in ERAP1 and ERAP2 Associated With Immune-Mediated Diseases Influence Protein Expression and the Isoform Profile. Arthritis Rheumatology. 2018;70(2):255–65.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Alvarez-Navarro C. Lopez de Castro JA. ERAP1 structure, function and pathogenetic role in ankylosing spondylitis and other MHC-associated diseases. Mol Immunol. 2014;57(1):12–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Andres AM, Dennis MY, Kretzschmar WW, Cannons JL, Lee-Lin SQ, Hurle B, et al. Balancing selection maintains a form of ERAP2 that undergoes nonsense-mediated decay and affects antigen presentation. PLoS Genet. 2010;6(10):e1001157.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Vanhille DL, Hill LD, Hilliard DD, Lee ED, Teves ME, Srinivas S, et al. A novel ERAP2 haplotype structure in a Chilean population: implications for ERAP2 protein expression and preeclampsia risk. Mol Genet Genom Med. 2013;1(2):98–107.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Goto Y, Hattori A, Ishii Y, Tsujimoto M. Reduced activity of the hypertension-associated Lys528Arg mutant of human adipocyte-derived leucine aminopeptidase (A-LAP)/ER-aminopeptidase-1. FEBS Lett. 2006;580(7):1833–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Kochan G, Krojer T, Harvey D, Fischer R, Chen L, Vollmar M, et al. Crystal structures of the endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase-1 (ERAP1) reveal the molecular basis for N-terminal peptide trimming. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(19):7745–50.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Chen D, Gyllensten U. Lessons and implications from association studies and post-GWAS analyses of cervical cancer. Trends in genetics : TIG. 2015;31(1):41–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Hildesheim A, Wang SS. Host and viral genetics and risk of cervical cancer: a review. Virus Res. 2002;89(2):229–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Martínez-Nava GA, Fernández-Niño JA, Madrid-Marina V, Torres-Poveda K. Cervical Cancer Genetic Susceptibility: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Recent Evidence. PloS one. 2016;11(7):e0157344.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Weng S-L, Wu W-J, Hsiao Y-H, Yang S-F, Hsu C-F, Wang P-H. Significant association of long non-coding RNAs HOTAIR genetic polymorphisms with cancer recurrence and patient survival in patients with uterine cervical cancer. Int J Med Sci. 2018;15(12):1312–9.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Han S-S, Kim JW, Lee SH, Kim DH, Park N-H, Song Y-S, et al. ERCC1 C19007T polymorphism and the risk and invasiveness of cervical cancer in Korean women. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol. 2012;8(4):e63–e7.

    PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Nogueira A, Catarino R, Faustino I, Nogueira-Silva C, Figueiredo T, Lombo L, et al. Role of the RAD51 G172T polymorphism in the clinical outcome of cervical cancer patients under concomitant chemoradiotherapy. Gene. 2012;504(2):279–83.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Shi T-Y, Cheng X, Yu K-D, Sun M-H, Shao Z-M, Wang M-Y, et al. Functional variants in TNFAIP8 associated with cervical cancer susceptibility and clinical outcomes. Carcinogenesis. 2013;34(4):770–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Our great gratitude was expressed to the participation of the patients and control subjects in current study and the Joint 34th European Immunogenetics and Histocompatibility and 31st British Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Conference Glasgow (https://doi.org/10.1111/tan.13844).

Funding

The current study was supported by grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81573206), Yunnan Applied Basic Research Projects (2016FA034), The PUMC Youth Fund (3332019111), Special Funds for High-level Healthy Talents of Yunnan Province (D-201669 and L-201615), CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (2016-I2M-2-001), Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Department (2019HC0060), Association Foundation Program of Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Department and Kunming Medical University (2017FR467–077 and 2017FE467–012). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Chuanyin Li and Yaheng Li contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China

    Chuanyin Li, Yaheng Li, Shuyuan Liu, Xinwen Zhang, Li Shi & Yufeng Yao

  2. Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650118, China

    Zhiling Yan, Xia Wang & Jun Wang

  3. School of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China

    Shuying Dai

Authors
  1. Chuanyin Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yaheng Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Zhiling Yan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Shuying Dai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Shuyuan Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Xia Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Jun Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Xinwen Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Li Shi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Yufeng Yao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

LS and YFY designed the current study; CYL and YHL finished the main part of experiment and data analysis of the current study; ZLY and SYD finished the sample clinical diagnose and collection; XW and JW were responsible for the collection of venous blood; SYL and XWZ participated in the genomic DNA extraction; CYL and YHL drafted the manuscript; LS and YFY revised the manuscript. And all authors have read and approved the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Li Shi or Yufeng Yao.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The current study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the No. 3 Affiliated Hospitals of Kunming Medical University and was performed in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All individuals enrolled in this study provided written informed consent.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary information

Additional file 1: Supplementary Table 1.

The SNPs selected in the current study. Supplementary Table 2. Inheritance model analysis of SNPs in ERAP1 gene between control and CIN groups. Supplementary Table 3. Inheritance model analysis of SNPs in ERAP1 gene between CIN and cervical cancer groups. Supplementary Table 4. Inheritance model analysis of SNPs in ERAP2 gene between control and CIN cancer groups. Supplementary Table 5. Inheritance model analysis of SNPs in ERAP2 gene between CIN and cervical cancer groups. Supplementary Table 6. The linkage disequilibrium tests of SNPs in ERAP1 gene in control group. Supplementary Table 7. The linkage disequilibrium tests of SNPs in ERAP2 gene in control group.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Li, C., Li, Y., Yan, Z. et al. Polymorphisms in endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase genes are associated with cervical cancer risk in a Chinese Han population. BMC Cancer 20, 341 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-020-06832-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-020-06832-2

Keywords

  • Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase
  • Single nucleotide polymorphisms
  • Association
  • Susceptibility
  • Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
  • Cervical cancer

BMC Cancer

ISSN: 1471-2407

Contact us