Skip to main content
Download PDF

Polymorphisms in the CCR5 promoter associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in a Chinese Han population

BMC Cancer volume 19, Article number: 525 (2019) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) has attracted wide concern for its critical role in the progression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Several studies have demonstrated that CCR5 affects the processes of tumor cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. The aim of this study was to illustrate the association between the polymorphisms of the CCR5 promoter and the development of cervical cancer.

Methods

336 women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), 488 women with cervical cancer (CC), and 682 healthy controls were recruited to detect polymorphisms in the CCR5 promoter using a sequencing method.

Results

Six loci with polymorphism were found in the CCR5 promoter; the frequencies of the minor alleles of rs1799987 was significantly higher in the CIN group than that in the control group (P = 0.007); and the genotypic frequencies of rs2734648, rs1799987, rs1799988 and rs1800023 were significantly different between the CIN group and the control group (P < 0.008). The inheritance model analysis showed that rs2734648, rs1799987, rs1799988 and rs1800023 significantly increased the susceptibility to CIN in a recessive genetic model (P < 0.008). The haplotype constructed by the major alleles of these 6 SNPs (rs2227010-rs1799987-rs1799988-rs2734648-rs1800023-rs1800024: A-G-A-C-A-T) was highly protective against CIN (OR = 0.731, 95%CI: 0.603–0.886, P = 5.68E-03). In addition, transcription prediction showed that mutation of these 6 SNPs might alternate the binding of particular transcription factors.

Conclusion

The CCR5 promoter polymorphisms were significantly associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia by altering the expression of CCR5 on the cell surface in a Chinese Han population.

Peer Review reports

Background

C-C motif chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5), a transmembrane G-coupled cell-surface chemokine receptor, binds to five kinds of CC-chemokines: human macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), MIP-1β, RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted), monocyte chemotactic protein 2 (MCP-2) and MCP-4 [1, 2]. CCR5 is known to be the principal coreceptor of macrophage-tropic (R5) strains of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1), which is highly variably expressed on the cell surface of the memory T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, hematopoietic stem cells, and microglial cells [1, 3].

The human CCR5 gene located on 3p21.31, is composed of four exons and two introns. The promoter region has been described previously [4, 5], and the differences in the promoter region may regulate the expression of CCR5 in monocyte/macrophages and T lymphocytes [5]. CCR5 expression in tumor cells and various host cells plays a very important role in tumor progression [6]. Studies have demonstrated that CCR5 and CCR5 ligands CCL5 might stimulate angiogenesis as growth factors, modulate the recruitment of inflammatory cells, and induce the tumor immune evasion [6, 7]. It has been reported that men with a loss of functional CCR5 and carrying the CCR5 Δ32 mutant are resistant to the development of prostate cancer. Additionally, the expression of the CCR5 ligand CCL5 promotes the migration and invasiveness of pancreatic cancer [8].

Cervical carcinoma is the second most common cancer affecting women worldwide [9]. Approximately 75,000 women develop cervical cancer, and 40,000 women die from this disease in China each year [10]. The development of cervical carcinoma is strongly linked to persistent infection of high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV), such as HPV16 and HPV18 [11]. Most HPV infections do not cause any symptoms or disease and clear up spontaneously; however, a minority of women exhibit persistent HPV infection, which might lead to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or cervical cancer (CC) [12, 13], which means that the host immune system and genetic background play important roles in the progression of cervical cancer [14]. In recent years, Che et al [15] and Sales et al [16] found that CCR5 expression is extremely higher in cervical cancer tissue than in matched normal control tissue and that downregulation of CCR5 suppresses cervical cancer cell growth and proliferation in vivo [15]. Variability of the promoter region of CCR5 gene might be the reason for differing CCR5 expression levels.

In the present study, we detected the genetic polymorphisms in the promoter region of CCR5 of a Chinese Han population and investigated the association between genetic polymorphisms of CCR5 gene promoter and cervical cancer in Han Chinese.

Methods

Subjects

A total of 336 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and 488 cervical cancer (CC) female patients were enrolled in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Kunming, China) from 2011 to 2015. All subjects were Han Chinese in Yunnan province (Southwest China).

Diagnoses of CIN and CC were based on comprehensive cervical cancer control guidelines from the World Health Organization (WHO) [17]. Patients undergoing any anti-cancer therapy, such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy before surgery, suffering from other malignant tumors, or with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hepatitis, kidney disease, etc. were excluded.

In the same period, 682 healthy women were recruited as a control group. The control subjects were healthy women without any history of abnormal Pap Smear or cervical lesions and other cancers on the day of recruitment.

DNA extraction and sequencing

The genomic DNA of all patients was extracted from the peripheral lymphocytes using the QIAamp Blood Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany).

The CCR5 promoter region was PCR-amplified using the following primers, CCR5P_F: 5′-gacgagaaagctgagggtaaga-3′ and CCR5P_R: 5′-taaccgtctgaaactcattcca-3′, and PCR fragment was 1388 bp (Fig. 1). PCR for each sample was carried out in a 50-μL reaction volume containing 10 ng of DNA, 10 pmol of each primer, 1.25 U ExTaq polymerase (TaKaRa, Dalian, China), 200 mmol/L dNTPs (TaKaRa) and 1 × ExTaq PCR buffer (TaKaRa). Amplification consisted of an initial denaturation step of 5 min at 98 °C; 30 cycles of 10 s of denaturation at 98 °C, 5 s of annealing at 55 °C, extension at 72 °C for 90 s; and a final extension for 5 min at 72 °C. The purified PCR fragment was sequenced to detect the polymorphism loci in this region, using the same primers as in PCR reaction, with Big Dye Terminator Reaction Mix (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The reaction products were purified by Big Dye XTerminator Purification Kit (Applied Biosystems) and run on ABI 3730XL sequencer. Sequencing results were analyzed using the DNASTAR Lasergene v7.1 package.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Sequence of CCR5 promoter. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were marked in the sequence and predicted transcriptional factors were also marked in the sequence. Abbreviations: NF, nuclear factor; CTF, site-specific DNA-binding proteins or CAAT box transcription factor; E2F-1, adenovirus E2 gene promoter region binding factor 1; ENKTF-1, enkephalin transcription factor-1; PR, progesterone receptor; C/EBP, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein; STAT4, signal transducers and activators of transcription; TF, transcription factor; FOXP3, forkhead box P3; AR, androgen receptor; EBF, early B-cell factor; GR-α, glucocorticoid receptor; CTF, CCAAT box-binding transcription factor; XBP-1, x box binding protein 1; SRF, seurm response factor

Full size image

Transcription prediction

PROMO version 8.3 (http://alggen.lsi.upc.es/cgi-bin/promo_v3/promo/promoinit.cgi?dirDB=TF_8.3) was used to predict the potential binding sites in CCR5 promoter of transcription factors [18, 19].

Statistical analysis

The ages among different groups were compared using one-way ANOVA, followed by an LSD test for multiple comparisons correction. Basic statistical analysis for allele and genotype and disease association was performed using PLINK v1.9 (http://zzz.bwh.harvard.edu/plink/data.shtml) [20].

All polymorphic loci were tested for deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the control group with a threshold of 0.05. Association tests for allelic and genotypic frequencies, as well as dominant and recessive inheritance models of these SNPs among CIN, CC and control groups using the χ2-test were also performed by PLINK. Risks were estimated by the odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Linkage disequilibrium (LD) among these SNPs was also estimated, where the linkage disequilibrium coefficient D was calculated using Haploview 4.2 software. LD is displayed as pairwise D’, and the D’ values defined in the range [− 1, 1], with a value of 1 representing perfect disequilibrium. The D’ value over 0.8 indicated the existence of different loci in the LD. The differences in the haplotypes between the case and control groups were determined with the χ2-test. Power-analysis was performed using Power and Sample Size Calculations (version 3.1.2) [21]. Significance threshold after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons is P value less than 0.008.

Results

Characteristics of subjects

There were 336 CIN patients and 488 CC patients compared with 682 normal women. The mean age was 48.122 ± 9.578 (ranged from 22 to 75) years in CIN group, 48.180 ± 9.655 (ranged from 24 to 73) years in the CC group, and 48.934 ± 7.390 (ranged from 33 to 79) years in the control group. No significant differences in age were found in the pairwise comparisons of CIN, CC, and control group (P > 0.05).

Polymorphism loci in CCR5 promoter region

According to GenBank (NC_000003.12), there are 9 identical single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci in the promoter of CCR5 (Fig. 1): rs2227010 (A > G), rs2856758 (A > G), rs2734648 (T > G), rs1799987 (G > A), rs1799988 (T > C), rs41469351 (C > T), rs1800023 (G > A), rs41355345 (C > G) and rs1800024 (C > T). Six SNPs (rs2227010, rs2734648, rs1799987, rs1799988, rs1800023 and rs180024) were found with polymorphism in the Chinese Han population, whereas all participants were AA at rs2856758, CC at rs41469351 and CC at rs41355345.

Association of polymorphism in CCR5 promoter region with cervical cancer

All these 6 SNPs with polymorphism were in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in the control group (P > 0.05). The distribution of allelic and genotypic frequencies of these 6 SNPs among CIN, CC and control group are presented in Tables 1 and 2, the frequencies of the G-allele of rs2734648, were significantly higher in the CIN group than in the control group (P = 0.007, OR = 1.289, 95%CI: 1.071–1.551, Table 1). The genotypic frequencies of rs2734648, rs1799987, rs1799988 and rs1800023 were distinctly different between the CIN group and the control group (P < 0.008, Table 2). In addition, no significant differences in allelic or genotypic frequencies were found between the CC and control groups.

Table 1 Allelic distribution of SNPs in CCR5 promoter among control, CIN and CC groups
Full size table
Table 2 Genotypic distribution of SNPs in CCR5 promoter among control, CIN and CC groups
Full size table

Our study had a power over 80% to detect and odds ratios (ORs) of 1.403 for rs2227010, 1.971 for rs2734648, 1.963 for rs1799987, 1.898 for rs1799988, 1.906 for rs1800023, and 1.661 for rs1800024, considering the sample size of cases and controls and assuming the minor allele frequencies of each SNP in the Han Chinese population of Yunnan.

Inheritance model analysis among the CIN, CC and control groups

We also applied dominant and recessive inheritance model analysis to investigate the association between these 6 SNPs in the CCR5 promoter and cervical cancer development. The results showed that rs2734648, rs1799987, rs1799988 and rs1800023 significantly increased the susceptibility to CIN in the recessive inheritance model (P < 0.008, Table 3); and rs2734648-GG, rs1799987-AA, rs1799988-CC and rs1800023-AA were the risk genotypes to CIN.

Table 3 Different inheritance model analysis among CIN, CC and control groups
Full size table

Haplotype analysis among CIN, CC and control group

The LD among these 6 SNPs was estimated, where the linkage disequilibrium coefficient D (D’) was calculated, and the D’ value of these 6 SNPs was over 0.8, which indicated that these 6 SNPs of CCR5 promoter region were in LD.

Then, we constructed the haplotype of these 6 SNPs (rs2227010-rs1799987-rs1799988-rs2734648-rs1800023-rs1800024) and pairwise compared the haplotype frequencies among CIN, CC and control groups. Table 4 presents 4 different haplotypes (H1, H2, H3 and H4) with frequencies over 3%. Haplotype H1 (A-T-G-T-G-C) was the most common haplotype in CIN patients (45.39%), CC patients (47.54%) and controls (50.58%), and the frequency of H1 was significantly lower in the CIN group compared with the control group (OR = 0.731, 95%CI: 0.603–0.886, P = 1.42E-03). All 4 kinds of haplotypes showed no differences between the CC and control groups, or between the CIN and CC groups.

Table 4 haplotype frequencies comparison among CIN, CC and control groups
Full size table

Transcription prediction

PROMO version 8.3 (http://alggen.lsi.upc.es/cgi-bin/promo_v3/promo/promoinit.cgi?dirDB=TF_8.3) was used to predict the potential binding sites of transcription factors in the CCR5 promoter region [18, 19], the computer algorithms suggested that these 6 SNPs might be binding sites for particular transcription factors (Fig. 1).

Discussion

Tumor development and progression depend heavily on the presence of angiogenesis factors including chemokines and their receptors [22]. There has been evidence that chemokines and their receptors expressed on tumor cells contribute to recruitment and activation of tumor-suppressor cells [6, 23] and recruitment of inflammatory cells to the tumor microenvironment [24], which may induce the process of tumor cell migration, invasion, and metastasis [22, 24,25,26]. As one of the key chemokines involved in many pathological processes, including inflammation, angiogenesis, tumor cell growth and infiltration, CCR5 may influence the cervical cancer progression. In the current study, we performed the association study of CCR5 promoter (P1) polymorphisms with cervical carcinoma and found that the promoter variations of CCR5 might be associated with development of cervical lesions, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

Two CCR5 promoters have been previously described: a weak upstream promoter called PU or P2, and a stronger downstream promoter called PD or P1 [4, 27]. The expression of CCR5 on cell surface is highly variable, and CCR5 promoter polymorphisms may alter the CCR5 cell surface expression, which might consequently influence the disease progression. Previously, several SNPs in the CCR5 promoter have been shown to affect CCR5 expression. Salkowitz et al found that rs1799987 (−2459G > A) located in the P1 was related to a different expression level of CCR5 on CD14+ monocytes, and individuals carrying homozygous rs1799987-G exhibited lower CCR5 density on CD14+ monocytes [28]. Mummidi et al [29] reported that rs1799987 was associated with the rate of AIDS progression. CCR5 promoter polymorphisms correlate with HIV disease progression possibly by regulating CCR5 cell surface expression and CD4+ T cell apoptosis in HIV patients. In this study, rs1799987-AA significantly increased the risk of susceptibility to CIN, which indicated that rs1799987-AA might be a risk factor for cervical lesions development, possibly by influencing the expression level of CCR5.

CCR5 promoter haplogroups constructed by -2733A/G, −2554G/T, −2459G/A, − 2135 T/C, −2132C/T, −2086A/G, −1835C/T and + 554(Δ32), have been characterized and described before, and CCR5 haplogroups have been named as CCR5-HHA (A-G-G-T-C-A-C-Δ32wild), −HHB (A-T-G-T-C-A-C-Δ32wild), −HHC (A-T-G-T-C-G-C-Δ32wild), −HHD (A-T-G-T-T-A-C-Δ32wild), −HHE (A-G-A-C-C-A-C-Δ32wild), −HHF (A-G-A-C-C-A-T-Δ32wild), −HHG*1 (G-G-A-C-C-A-C-Δ32wild) and -HHG*2 (G-G-A-C-C-A-C-Δ32mutant) [27, 30, 31]. A specific CCR5 promoter haplogroup was demonstrated to correlate with transcriptional activity [27] and affect the rate of AIDS progression [30]. CCR5-HHA haplotype is associated with lower CCR5 expression and protective phenotype in humans, whereas CCR5-HHF or CCR5-HHG is related to higher CCR5 expression [32]. We performed haplotype analysis with 6 polymorphism loci in CCR5 promoter, and only SNP rs2227010 was not comprised in the defined CCR5 haplogroups. Our results showed that haplotype H1: A-T-G-T-G-C, which was similar to CCR5-HHC, was the most-common haplotype in our participants and consisted of the major alleles of these 6 SNPs revealing a protective effect against CIN; and a tendency of susceptibility to CIN appeared in H2 (similar to CCR5-HHE), H3 (similar to CCR5-HHF) and H4 (similar to CCR5-HHA), although these haplotypes did not show statistical association with CIN. The haplotype analysis results coincided with the results of our allelic and genotypic analysis and indicated that the CCR5 promoter haplotype was associated with cervical lesions development. However the correlation between haplotype of 6 SNPs in this study and expression of CCR5 need to test and verify.

In 2016, Che et al indicated that CCR5 mRNA and protein expression levels were extremely higher in cervical cancer tissue than in matched normal control tissue, and downregulation of CCR5 inhibited cervical cancer growth and invasion [15]. Sales et al also presented similar results that the level of CCR5 was high in cervical cancer tissue and the expression of CCR5 could be regulated by inflammatory pathways [16]. However, no previous reports on the CCR5 expression level in CIN tissues were identified. So we performed the transcription factor binding site prediction in the CCR5 promoter and try to find the possible mechanism of association of SNPs to development of cervical lesions. The computer algorithms suggested that there are many binding sites of distinct nuclear and transcription factors in the CCR5 promoter, and the 6 SNPs studied were located in the binding region of specific transcription factors (Fig. 1). Nucleotide substitutions in the cis-regulatory region of a gene may cause a loss of binding of some nuclear proteins, or binding of some novel nuclear factors, or alteration in nuclear factor binding affinity. A previous study found that SNPs in human CCR5 cis-regulatory sequences were associated with alteration in DNA/nuclear factor binding. Mummidi et al found both G and T in − 2554 site (rs2734648) could bind to four nuclear factor complexes (NF4-NF7), but the affinities for NF5-NF4 complexes bound to the -2554 T were significantly greater than the binding affinities to -2554G [27]. Bream et al [33] also found that -2554 T bound p65, c-Rel, and p50 with greater affinity than -2554G. We predicted that rs2734648-T was located in the binding region of FOXP3, TFII-I, C/EBP-beta, NF-AT1 and PR–B. Therefore, the transcriptional status of rs2734648-G, especially rs2734648-GG, might be different. So we infer that rs2734648-GG is significantly associated with the susceptibility of CIN by affecting the transcription factors binding. Mummidi et al also found the wild-type C allele in − 1835 site (rs1800024) specifically bound to two novel nuclear factors NF2 and NF3, but the mutant-T allele lost the ability to bind nuclear factor NF3 [27]. The binding region of transcription factor GR-α contains two polymorphic loci rs1799988 (− 2135 T > C) and rs41469351 (−2132C > T). These two polymorphisms are located so closely, only at a 2-base-pair interval. For there is no polymorphism in rs41469351, so nucleotide substitution in rs1799988 might affect the transcription factor GR-α binding. In addition, Mummidi et al [27] found that CCR5 haplotypes conferred the haplotype-specific differences in the promoter transcriptional efficiency, of which the haplotype HHA showed the least promoter activity, whereas the transcriptional activity of HHF haplotype was the highest. That is to say the haplotype H1, similar to HHC, have a medium promoter activity. And haplotype H1 showed a significant resistance to CIN. So we infer that nucleotide substitutions such as rs2734648-GG, rs1799987-AA, rs1799988-CC and rs1800023 could associated with susceptibility to CIN by alternate nuclear factors binding,, then subsequently affect the efficiency of CCR5 translation and CCR5 expression level on cell surface and, finally, affect the development of cervical lesions. By the way, our results revealed that the susceptibility of SNPs in CCR5 promoter arising more in recessive inheritance model, such as rs2734648, rs1799987, rs1799988 and rs1800023. That is to say individuals carried two mutations in both alleles raise the susceptibility to CIN. This can be understood as the efficiency of nuclear factors binding, CCR5 translation and expression could be affected more when two mutations in both alleles of SNP.

In this study, we found the frequencies of the minor alleles of rs2734648 was significantly higher in the CIN group than that in the control group and the frequencies of rs2734648-GG, rs1799987-AA, rs1799988-CC and rs1800023-AA were distinctly increase the susceptibility of CIN. However, rare associations of susceptible to CC or from CIN progressing to CC were found. It is known that persisting high-risk HPV infection, which usually related to the lack of HPV-specific T-cell immunity and some immune-response pathway [11, 13], is associated with the development of vassal cell layer infection and hyperplastic lesions called cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). CIN lesions may regress, persist or progress to invasive cervical carcinogenesis [14]. Carcinoma development depends on different strategies to escape recognition by immune cells. So we think the mechanisms of normal cervical tissue progressing to CIN and CIN progressing to CC might be different, and the host immunogenetic factors played in development and progression of cervical cancer need to further study.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we demonstrated that SNPs in the CCR5 promoter are significantly associated with development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. These polymorphisms could potentially influence not only the CCR5 gene expression but also the CCR5 mRNA stability and the translation efficiency, which subsequently influence the density of CCR5 on cell-surface and, thus, have an impact on virus infection or disease pathogenesis. However, there might be some other mechanism of cervical cancer development, because our results indicated that polymorphisms in the CCR5 promoter are not associated with progression from CIN to CC. Thus, sample size expansion for association study and the functional study on correlation of CCR5 polymorphisms with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia development, and finding other immunogenetic factors associated with cervical carcinoma will be performed in the future.

Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analyzed during this study are available to any scientist wishing to use them for non-commercial purposes from the corresponding author on reasonable request. But those clinical data are not available for authors have an ethical and legal responsibility to respect participant’s rights to privacy and to protect their identity.

Abbreviations

AR:

Androgen receptor

C/EBP:

CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein

CC:

Cervical cancer

CCR5:

C-C motif chemokine receptor type 5

CIN:

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

CTF:

CCAAT box-binding transcription factor

CTF:

Site-specific DNA-binding proteins or CAAT box transcription factor

E2F-1:

Adenovirus E2 gene promoter region binding factor 1

EBF:

Early B-cell factor

ENKTF-1:

Enkephalin transcription factor-1

FOXP3:

Forkhead box P3

GR-α:

Glucocorticoid receptor

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency

HPV:

Human papillomaviruses

HWE:

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

LD:

Linkage disequilibrium

MCP:

Monocyte chemotactic protein

MIP:

Macrophage inflammatory protein

NF:

Nuclear factor

OR:

Odds ratio

PR:

Progesterone receptor

RANTES:

Regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted

SNP:

Single-nucleotide polymorphism

SRF:

Serum response factor

STAT4:

Signal transducers and activators of transcription

TF:

Transcription factor

XBP-1:

X box binding protein 1

References

  1. Blanpain C, Lee B, Tackoen M, Puffer B, Boom A, Libert F, Sharron M, Wittamer V, Vassart G, Doms RW, et al. Multiple nonfunctional alleles of CCR5 are frequent in various human populations. Blood. 2000;96(5):1638–45.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Blanpain C, Migeotte I, Lee B, Vakili J, Doranz BJ, Govaerts C, Vassart G, Doms RW, Parmentier M. CCR5 binds multiple CC-chemokines: MCP-3 acts as a natural antagonist. Blood. 1999;94(6):1899–905.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. He J, Chen Y, Farzan M, Choe H, Ohagen A, Gartner S, Busciglio J, Yang X, Hofmann W, Newman W, et al. CCR3 and CCR5 are co-receptors for HIV-1 infection of microglia. Nature. 1997;385(6617):645–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Mummidi S, Ahuja SS, McDaniel BL, Ahuja SK. The human CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) gene. Multiple transcripts with 5′-end heterogeneity, dual promoter usage, and evidence for polymorphisms within the regulatory regions and noncoding exons. J Biol Chem. 1997;272(49):30662–71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Guignard F, Combadiere C, Tiffany HL, Murphy PM. Gene organization and promoter function for CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5). J Immunol (Baltimore, Md : 1950). 1998;160(2):985–92.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Umansky V, Blattner C, Gebhardt C, Utikal J. CCR5 in recruitment and activation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in melanoma. Cancer Immunol, Immunother : CII. 2017;66(8):1015–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Aldinucci D, Colombatti A. The inflammatory chemokine CCL5 and cancer progression. Mediat Inflamm. 2014;2014:292376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Singh SK, Mishra MK, Eltoum IA, Bae S, Lillard JW Jr, Singh R. CCR5/CCL5 axis interaction promotes migratory and invasiveness of pancreatic cancer cells. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):1323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Mirabello L, Clarke MA, Nelson CW, Dean M, Wentzensen N, Yeager M, Cullen M, Boland JF, Schiffman M, Burk RD. The intersection of HPV epidemiology, genomics and mechanistic studies of HPV-mediated carcinogenesis. Viruses. 2018;10(2):E80. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10020080. https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/10/2/80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Arbyn M, Walker A, Meijer CJ. HPV-based cervical-cancer screening in China. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11(12):1112–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Kim TJ, Jin H-T, Hur S-Y, Yang HG, Seo YB, Hong SR, Lee C-W, Kim S, Woo J-W, Park KS, et al. Clearance of persistent HPV infection and cervical lesion by therapeutic DNA vaccine in CIN3 patients. Nat Commun. 2014;5:5317.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Ljubojevic S, Skerlev M. HPV-associated diseases. Clin Dermatol. 2014;32(2):227–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Tindle RW. Immune evasion in human papillomavirus-associated cervical cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2002;2:59.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. de Freitas AC, Gurgel APAD, Chagas BS, Coimbra EC, do Amaral CMM. Susceptibility to cervical cancer: an overview. Gynecol Oncol. 2012;126(2):304–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Che LF, Shao SF, Wang LX. Downregulation of CCR5 inhibits the proliferation and invasion of cervical cancer cells and is regulated by microRNA-107. Exp Ther Med. 2016;11(2):503–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Sales KJ, Adefuye A, Nicholson L, Katz AA. CCR5 expression is elevated in cervical cancer cells and is up-regulated by seminal plasma. Mol Hum Reprod. 2014;20(11):1144–57.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. World Health Organization aDoRHaR, and Department of Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion: Comprehensive cervical cancer control: A guide to essential practice. 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Messeguer X, Escudero R, Farre D, Nunez O, Martinez J, Alba MM. PROMO: detection of known transcription regulatory elements using species-tailored searches. Bioinformatics (Oxford, England). 2002;18(2):333–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Farre D, Roset R, Huerta M, Adsuara JE, Rosello L, Alba MM, Messeguer X. Identification of patterns in biological sequences at the ALGGEN server: PROMO and MALGEN. Nucleic Acids Res. 2003;31(13):3651–3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Purcell S, Neale B, Todd-Brown K, Thomas L, Ferreira MA, Bender D, Maller J, Sklar P, de Bakker PI, Daly MJ, et al. PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses. Am J Hum Genet. 2007;81(3):559–75.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Dupont WD, Plummer W. Power and sample size calculations, A Review and Computer Program, vol. 11; 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Rossi D, Zlotnik A. The biology of chemokines and their receptors. Annu Rev Immunol. 2000;18(1):217–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Schlecker E, Stojanovic A, Eisen C, Quack C, Falk CS, Umansky V, Cerwenka A. Tumor-infiltrating monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells mediate CCR5-dependent recruitment of regulatory T cells favoring tumor growth. J Immunol (Baltimore, Md : 1950). 2012;189(12):5602–11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Razmkhah M, Arabpour F, Taghipour M, Mehrafshan A, Chenari N, Ghaderi A. Expression of chemokines and chemokine receptors in brain tumor tissue derived cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev : APJCP. 2014;15(17):7201–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Youngs SJ, Ali SA, Taub DD, Rees RC. Chemokines induce migrational responses in human breast carcinoma cell lines. Int J Cancer. 1997;71(2):257–66.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Kleeff J, Kusama T, Rossi DL, Ishiwata T, Maruyama H, Friess H, Buchler MW, Zlotnik A, Korc M. Detection and localization of Mip-3alpha/LARC/Exodus, a macrophage proinflammatory chemokine, and its CCR6 receptor in human pancreatic cancer. Int J Cancer. 1999;81(4):650–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Mummidi S, Bamshad M, Ahuja SS, Gonzalez E, Feuillet PM, Begum K, Galvis MC, Kostecki V, Valente AJ, Murthy KK, et al. Evolution of human and non-human primate CC chemokine receptor 5 gene and mRNA. Potential roles for haplotype and mRNA diversity, differential haplotype-specific transcriptional activity, and altered transcription factor binding to polymorphic nucleotides in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(25):18946–61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Salkowitz JR, Bruse SE, Meyerson H, Valdez H, Mosier DE, Harding CV, Zimmerman PA, Lederman MM. CCR5 promoter polymorphism determines macrophage CCR5 density and magnitude of HIV-1 propagation in vitro. Clin Immunol (Orlando, Fla). 2003;108(3):234–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. McDermott DH, Zimmerman PA, Guignard F, Kleeberger CA, Leitman SF, Murphy PM. CCR5 promoter polymorphism and HIV-1 disease progression. Multicenter AIDS cohort study (MACS). Lancet (London, England). 1998;352(9131):866–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Martin MP, Dean M, Smith MW, Winkler C, Gerrard B, Michael NL, Lee B, Doms RW, Margolick J, Buchbinder S, et al. Genetic acceleration of AIDS progression by a promoter variant of CCR5. Science (New York, NY). 1998;282(5395):1907–11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Picton AC, Paximadis M, Tiemessen CT. Genetic variation within the gene encoding the HIV-1 CCR5 coreceptor in two south African populations. Infect Genet Evol : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases. 2010;10(4):487–94.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Gornalusse GG, Mummidi S, Gaitan AA, Jimenez F, Ramsuran V, Picton A, Rogers K, Manoharan MS, Avadhanam N, Murthy KK, et al. Epigenetic mechanisms, T-cell activation, and CCR5 genetics interact to regulate T-cell expression of CCR5, the major HIV-1 coreceptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112(34):E4762–71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Bream JH, Young HA, Rice N, Martin MP, Smith MW, Carrington M, O’Brien SJ. CCR5 promoter alleles and specific DNA binding factors. Science (New York, NY). 1999;284(5412):223.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to patients and healthy control individuals who participated in this study.

Funding

This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31401063 and 81573206), Applied Basic Research Projects of Yunnan province (2016FA034, 2017FE467–012), the PUMC Youth Fund (3332015149), Special Funds for high-level health talents of Yunnan Province (D-201669 and L-201615) and CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Science (2016-12 M-2-001). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Shuyuan Liu and Jun Chen contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China

    Shuyuan Liu, Jun Chen, Chuanyin Li, Yufeng Yao & Li Shi

  2. The Third People’s Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, 650041, China

    Zhiling Yan

  3. School of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China

    Shuying Dai

  4. School of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China

    Shuying Dai

Authors
  1. Shuyuan Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jun Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Zhiling Yan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Shuying Dai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Chuanyin Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Yufeng Yao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Li Shi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

The authors SYL and JC finished main part experiment and data analysis; ZLY finished the sample clinical diagnose and collection; SYL, YFY and LS drafted this manuscript; SYD and CYL did the DNA extraction and part of PCR amplification experiment; LYY did part of the data collection and analysis; YFY and LS designed the project and reviewed the manuscript; SYL, ZLY, SYD, YFY and LS acquired the fundings. And all authors have read and approved the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Yufeng Yao or Li Shi.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

All experimental protocols used in this study were approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Kunming, China). All procedures were in accordance with the approved guidelines and principles expressed in the Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards of 1975. And all participants provided written informed consent.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Liu, S., Chen, J., Yan, Z. et al. Polymorphisms in the CCR5 promoter associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in a Chinese Han population. BMC Cancer 19, 525 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-019-5738-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-019-5738-6

Keywords

BMC Cancer

ISSN: 1471-2407

Contact us