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  • Research article
  • Open Access
  • Open Peer Review

Risk factors for esophageal fistula in thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma invading adjacent organs treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy: a monocentric case-control study

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BMC Cancer201818:573

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-018-4486-3

©  The Author(s). 2018

  • Received: 16 April 2018
  • Accepted: 8 May 2018
  • Published:
Open Peer Review reports

Abstract

Background

Standard treatment for unresectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) without distant metastasis is definitive chemoradiotherapy (dCRT), in which the incidence of esophageal fistula (EF) is reported to be 10–12%. An ad hoc analysis of JCOG0303, a phase II/III trial of dCRT for patients with unresectable ESCC (including non-T4b), suggested that esophageal stenosis is a risk factor for EF. However, risk factors for EF in patients limited to T4b ESCC treated with dCRT have yet to be clarified. The aim of this study was to investigate risk factors for EF in T4b thoracic ESCC treated with dCRT.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the data of consecutive T4b thoracic ESCC patients who were treated with dCRT (cisplatin and fluorouracil) at Shizuoka Cancer Center between April 2004 and September 2015.

Results

Excluding 8 patients with esophageal fistula clearly attributable to other iatrogenic interventions, the data of 116 patients who met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. Esophageal fistula was observed in 28 patients (24%). Although the fistula was closed in 5 patients, overall survival was significantly shorter in patients who experienced esophageal fistula (8.0 vs. 26.8 months; p < 0.0001). Among four potential variables extracted in univariate analysis, namely, total circumferential lesion, elevated CRP level, elevated white blood cell count, and anemia, the first two were revealed as risk factors for esophageal fistula in multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that total circumferential lesion and CRP ≥1.00 mg/dL are risk factors for esophageal fistula in T4b thoracic ESCC treated with dCRT.

Trial registration

This study was retrospectively registered.

Keywords

  • Esophageal fistula
  • Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
  • Chemoradiotherapy
  • Risk factor

Background

Standard treatment for unresectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) without distant metastasis is definitive chemoradiotherapy (dCRT) with 5-fluorouracil plus cisplatin, using a total irradiation dose of 50.4 or 60 Gy [1–6]. While dCRT improves prognosis [5], it is sometimes associated with the life-threatening adverse event of esophageal fistula. The incidence of esophageal fistula was reported to be 10–29% in patients receiving dCRT for ESCC [7, 8] and the prognosis of patients harboring esophageal fistula, especially arterio-esophageal fistula, is poor [9]. ESCC invading adjacent organs is known to be associated with a high incidence of esophageal fistula [10]; however, the risk factors for this have remained unclear. Recently, an ad hoc analysis of JCOG0303, which compared the efficacy of low-dose and standard-dose chemoradiotherapy for unresectable ESCC invading adjacent organs and/or distant metastasis, suggested that esophageal stenosis is a risk factor of esophageal fistula [7]. However, this study had some weaknesses, such as regarding patient selection and the definition of the risk factors. For example, patients whose primary tumor had not invaded adjacent organs were also included. However, given the low incidence of esophageal fistula formation upon treatment with dCRT for non-organ-invading tumors, this condition is not clinically relevant. This group also did not specifically define esophageal stenosis. Instead, they judged esophageal stenosis subjectively from clinical symptoms and/or patient reports. Therefore, we conducted this retrospective study to perform more precise investigation of risk factors for esophageal fistula in ESCC invading adjacent organs treated with dCRT.

Methods

Patients

We retrospectively collected the data of consecutive ESCC patients who were treated with dCRT with cisplatin and fluorouracil at Shizuoka Cancer Center between April 2004 and September 2015. All data were collected from electronic medical records. All procedures were in accordance with institutional and national standards on human experimentation, as confirmed by the ethics committee of Shizuoka Cancer Center, and also with the Declaration of Helsinki of 1964 and later versions. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) age over 20 years; (2) Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) 0–1; (3) depth T4b in accordance with the UICC-TNM classification 7th edition; (4) primary lesion located in the thoracic esophagus; (5) no distant organ metastasis other than supraclavicular lymph node metastasis; (6) no esophageal fistula before dCRT; (7) creatinine clearance ≥50 mL/min; and (8) other organ functions preserved.

All blood data used in the analysis were taken within 14 days before the initiation of dCRT. T4b was diagnosed by radiologists, oncologists, and surgeons based on findings of enhanced CT. Aortic invasion was defined as a contact angle of esophageal cancer to the aorta of greater than 90°, and tracheal or bronchial invasion was defined as deformities of the trachea or bronchi due to contiguous cancer. Esophageal fistula was defined as a connection between the esophagus and adjacent organs detected by CT, endoscopy, or X-ray with diatrizoate meglumine and diatrizoate sodium solution. We defined the characteristic clinical manifestations of esophageal fistula, such as a dramatic increase of sputum or massive hematemesis, as esophageal fistula if it was impossible to evaluate esophageal fistula by imaging studies.

An Olympus H260® endoscope is routinely used for endoscopic examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract at our institution. Here, we defined esophageal stenosis as cases in which it was impossible to pass an endoscope through the lesion. The diagnosis of total circumferential lesions was made only after confirmation of the total circumferential connection of lesions. Endoscopists used an ultrathin endoscope (e.g., Olympus XP260®) if an Olympus H260® scope could not pass through the lesion.

All patients provided written informed consent before the start of treatment.

Treatment

The dCRT regimen followed the standard-dose cisplatin plus fluorouracil regimen of JCOG0303 [4]. Chemotherapy consisted of intravenous infusion of 70 mg/m2 cisplatin with adequate hydration on days 1 and 29, and continuous infusion of 700 mg/m2 fluorouracil on days 1–4 and 29–32. For an antiemetic, the infusion of dexamethasone and palonosetron hydrochloride along with oral or infused aprepitant was used, after they had been approved for antiemesis. Additional cisplatin plus fluorouracil doublet therapy was continued as necessary after dCRT. RT was planned to deliver a total of 60 Gy/30 Fr using a linear accelerator with a 6-, 10-, or 18-MV photon beam. Three-dimensional dose calculations were performed using Pinnacle3 software (ADAC, Milpitas, CA) with correction for tissue-density inhomogeneity. The treatment planning was based on 3.8- to 5-mm-thick CT scans obtained in the treatment position. The gross tumor volume was based on clinical examinations including CT scan and endoscopy. The clinical target volume (CTV) for the primary tumor was created to add a 2-cm margin craniocaudally to account for subclinical tumor extension. A CTV margin for metastatic lymph nodes was not added. Elective nodal irradiation was not performed. The planning target volume (PTV) was created to add 0.5–1 cm for lateral margins and 1–1.5 cm for craniocaudal margins. The radiation fields were designed to cover the PTV with an adequate margin. A dose of 60 Gy to the center of the PTV was prescribed. The dose to the spinal cord was kept at ≤45 Gy. The mean doses of the heart and the volume of the lung receiving 20 Gy (V20) were kept at ≤40 Gy and ≤ 35%, respectively.

Statistics

Fisher’s exact test and the Mann–Whitney U test were used for comparison between patients who experienced esophageal fistula (EF+) and those who did not (EF−). Univariate and multivariate analyses were carried out using logistic regression to estimate the odds ratio (OR). In the multivariate analysis, a standard stepwise method was adopted for the selection of informative risk factors. Overall survival (OS) was calculated from the date of initiation of dCRT until death from any cause. Patients who were alive or whose data were missing at the data cut-off were censored. Time to esophageal fistula was calculated from the date of initiation of dCRT until esophageal fistula. Patients who died before fistula were censored. Survival time was calculated by the Kaplan–Meier method. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All analyses were conducted using R statistical software version 3.3.2.

Results

Patient characteristics

After excluding 8 patients with EF clearly attributable to medical intervention, such as endoscopic dilatation, the data of 116 patients who met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. Esophageal fistula was observed in 28 patients (24%). Median age (range) was 65 (41–80) years, median tumor size (range) was 70 (12–200) mm, total circumferential lesion was present in 60 patients, and esophageal stenosis was present in 74 patients. Patients’ characteristics in the EF+ group vs. those in the EF− group were as follows: median age (range), 62 (41–74) vs. 65 (47–80) years; ECOG PS 0/1, 19/9 vs. 58/30 patients; median tumor size (range), 80 (12–110) vs. 70 (20–200) mm; total circumferential lesion, 20 vs. 40 patients; esophageal stenosis, 18 vs. 56 patients; aortic invasion, 16 vs. 38 patients; tracheal or bronchial invasion, 24 vs. 68 patients; and CRP ≥1.00 mg/dL, 19 vs. 29 patients, respectively (Table 1).
Table 1

Patients’ characteristics

Characteristics

Number of patients (N = 116)

Median age (range), years

65 (41–80)

Sex, male

102

ECOG PS 0/1

77/39

Location of primary lesion Ut/Mt./Lt

46/66/4

Median tumor size (range)a, mm

70 (12–200)

Total circumferential lesion

60

Esophageal stenosis

74

Invading adjacent organs

 

 Aorta

54

 Trachea or bronchus

92

Macroscopic type

 

 Ulcerative type

113

WBC ≥ 10,000/μL

15

Hb < 12 g/dL

19

Alb < 3.5 g/dL

7

CRP ≥ 1.00 mg/dLb

48

Abbreviations: ECOG eastern cooperative oncology group, PS performance status, Ut upper thoracic esophagus, Mt. middle thoracic esophagus, Lt lower thoracic esophagus, WBC white blood cell, Hb hemoglobin, Alb albumin, CRP C reactive protein

aData missing for one patient

bData missing for two patients

Risk factors for esophageal fistula

In univariate analysis, total circumferential lesion [OR 3.00; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19–7.54; p = 0.019], WBC ≥10,000/μL (OR 3.33; 95% CI 1.08–10.2; p = 0.036), Hb < 12.0 g/dL (OR 3.69; 95% CI 1.32–10.4; p = 0.013), and CRP ≥1.00 mg/dL (OR 4.15; 95% CI 1.67–10.3; p = 0.002) were significantly different between the EF+ group and the EF− group (Table 2). Total circumferential lesion (OR 3.09; 95% CI 1.14–8.39; p = 0.027) and CRP (OR 5.19; 95% CI 1.93–13.9; p = 0.001) were confirmed as independent risk factors for esophageal fistula in multivariate analysis (Table 3).
Table 2

Univariate analysis for the incidence of esophageal fistula

Characteristics

EF+ (N = 28)

EF− (N = 88)

OR

95% CI

P-value

Age ≥ 65 years

13

47

0.76

0.32–1.77

0.520

Sex, male

23

79

0.52

0.16–1.72

0.286

ECOG PS 0/1

19/9

58/30

0.92

0.37–2.27

0.849

Tumor size ≥70 mma

19

47

2.07

0.82–5.23

0.123

Total circumferential lesion

20

40

3.00

1.19–7.54

0.019

Esophageal stenosis

18

56

1.03

0.42–2.50

0.950

Aorta invasion

16

38

1.75

0.74–4.14

0.200

Tracheal or bronchial invasion

24

68

1.76

0.55–5.69

0.341

WBC ≥ 10,000/μL

7

8

3.33

1.08–10.2

0.036

Hb < 12 g/dL

9

10

3.69

1.32–10.4

0.013

Alb < 3.5 g/dL

4

3

4.72

0.99–22.6

0.052

CRP ≥ 1.00 mg/dLb

19

29

4.15

1.67–10.3

0.002

Abbreviations: EF esophageal fistula, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, WBC white blood cell, Hb hemoglobin, Alb albumin, CRP C reactive protein

aData missing for one patient

bData missing for two patients

Table 3

Multivariate analysis for the incidence of esophageal fistula

Characteristics

EF+ (N = 28)

EF− (N = 88)

OR

95% CI

P-value

Total circumferential lesion

20

40

3.09

1.14–8.39

0.027

Aorta invasion

16

38

2.56

0.97–6.75

0.058

CRP ≥ 1.00 mg/dLa

19

29

5.19

1.93–13.9

0.001

Abbreviations: EF esophageal fistula, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, CRP C reactive protein

aData missing for two patients

Overall survival and event-free survival

With a median follow-up time of 40 months in censored cases, OS in the EF+ group was significantly shorter than in the EF− group (8.0 vs. 26.8 months; p < 0.0001) (Fig. 1). Median time to esophageal fistula in the EF+ group was 2.5 months (95% CI 2.0–4.0 months). Only one patient survived and received subsequent chemotherapy at the data cut-off point. There was no difference in overall survival among EF+ patients whose fistula involvement was airway, aorta, or both (16.4 vs. 22.3 vs. 12.9 months; p = 0.296) (Fig. 2).
Fig. 1
Fig. 1

Kaplan-Meier curve for overall survival (OS). OS in the esophageal fistula group was significantly shorter than that in the non-esophageal fistula group (8.0 vs. 26.8 months; p < 0.001)

Fig. 2
Fig. 2

Kaplan-Meier curve for overall survival (OS) according to fistula involvement. There was no significant difference in OS according to fistula involvement (Airway vs. Aorta vs. Both Airway, 16.4 vs. 22.3 vs. 12.9 months; p = 0.296)

Clinical course of 28 patients with esophageal fistula

Esophageal fistula occurred in 5 patients during dCRT and in 23 patients after it. Five patients experienced closure of the esophageal fistula during dCRT or subsequent chemotherapy. Among these 28 patients, 8 died because of massive hemorrhage and 8 because of infection related to the esophageal fistula. Seven patients died due to progression of ESCC and four patients due to other factors. Eight patients died within 30 days after esophageal fistula. Only one patient was alive at the data cut-off point.

Post-dCRT treatment in 28 patients with esophageal fistula

Seventeen patients who experienced esophageal fistula received best supportive care without chemotherapy/radiotherapy after the formation of the fistula. Ten patients received the following chemotherapy: cisplatin plus fluorouracil in 7 patients, nedaplatin plus vindesine in 1 patient, docetaxel in 1 patient, and paclitaxel in 1 patient. One patient underwent salvage surgery without subsequent chemotherapy.

Discussion

In the current study, the risk factors of esophageal fistula for T4b ESCC were total circumferential lesion and CRP ≥1.00 mg/dL. To the best of our knowledge, no definitive risk factors for esophageal fistula formation have been identified in esophageal cancer patients receiving dCRT, despite esophageal fistula being fatal, as previously reported [9, 10].

A supplemental analysis of JCOG0303 identified esophageal stenosis as a risk factor for esophageal fistula [7], although this was not found to be a risk factor under the definition used in the current study. However, there were some differences between the previous study and the present study. First, regarding the backgrounds of the subjects, better selection was performed in this study than in JCOG0303: JCOG0303 included patients with non-T4b ESCC, while those included in this study were limited to T4b ESCC. Therefore, we specifically investigated risk factors of esophageal fistula in T4b ESCC in this study, which is clinically relevant. A second difference between the studies was that, in JCOG0303, the definition of esophageal stenosis was not described, so it might have differed depending on the clinical investigator. In contrast, we defined esophageal stenosis as cases in which the endoscope could not pass through the lesion. This enabled us to perform a more precise evaluation of risk factors of esophageal fistula only in T4b ESCC patients.

CRP ≥1.00 mg/dL was also a risk factor for esophageal fistula in this study. This may reflect tissue damage induced by an elevated level of IL-6, which causes tissue inflammation [11]. Albumin concentration is usually decreased when IL-6 is overproduced; however, there were only a few patients with a low albumin concentration among the study population. A possible explanation for this is that T4b ESCC patients generally do not eat well and are often dehydrated. In this study, we did not measure the IL-6 level, so we could not verify this hypothesis.

Even patients with such risk factors are not a contraindication for dCRT because they have a chance of achieving a complete response, which could prolong the survival time [4]. In fact, five patients with esophageal fistula experienced fistula closure by continuing the treatment and had survived for more than 1 year at the data cut-off. However, overall survival of the EF+ group was significantly shorter than that of the EF− group in the current study. Therefore, the development of a treatment strategy for ESCC patients with a risk of fistula formation is warranted.

Recently, some reports have suggested that induction chemotherapy followed by dCRT reduces the incidence of esophageal fistula [12, 13]. The reported esophageal fistula rate was in the range of 3–6%, and one of these studies showed that this rate in the group with induction chemotherapy followed by CRT was significantly lower than in those with CRT alone (6% vs. 17%, p = 0.0379) [12]. Therefore, induction chemotherapy followed by CRT may be a feasible treatment strategy for T4b thoracic ESCC with such risk factors.

The present study has several limitations. First, this is a retrospective study with a small sample size from a single institution. Second, it was difficult to distinguish treatment-related esophageal fistula and disease progression precisely. Third, bronchoscopy was not performed routinely to diagnose esophageal fistula before dCRT. Finally, we selected all fistula cases in the study population regardless of the duration from the commencement of dCRT; therefore, some cases with esophageal fistula might have been due to progressive disease. Considering these limitations, we particularly focused on T4b disease and used a precise definition of esophageal stenosis, so that we could reveal reliable risk factors for esophageal fistula formation in T4b ESCC in the current study.

Conclusions

This study suggested that total circumferential lesion and elevated CRP level are risk factors for esophageal fistula in T4b thoracic ESCC treated with dCRT. We believe that these results warrant validation in a future prospective investigation.

Abbreviations

Alb: 

Albumin

CI: 

Confidence interval

CRP: 

C-reactive protein

CTV: 

Clinical target volume

dCRT: 

definitive chemoradiotherapy

ECOG: 

Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group

ESCC: 

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Hb: 

Hemoglobin

OR: 

Odds ratio

PS: 

Performance status

PTV: 

Planning target volume

WBC: 

White blood cell

Declarations

Availability of data and materials

The dataset used for analysis in the current study are available from Additional file 1.

Authors’ contributions

TT and TK contributed to the conception of the study and interpretation of the results. TK contributed to drafting the manuscript, and HO did especially on radiotherapy in the “Treatment” section. KO and TK performed the statistical analyses of collected data. TK, TT, HO, HS, YK, YY, SH, AT, NM, TY, KY, AF, YO, and HY contributed to acquisition of data and revision of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Shizuoka Cancer Center (SCC) (IRB code: 27-J104–27-1). Approval for the review of hospital records was obtained from the SCC IRB and the patients’ informed consent was obtained through opt-out methodology given the retrospective nature of the study.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Authors’ Affiliations

(1)
Division of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
(2)
Clinical Research Promotion Unit, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
(3)
Division of Radiation Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
(4)
Division of Clinical Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
(5)
Division of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-0934, Japan

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