Skip to main content
Download PDF

Late combination of transarterial chemoembolization with apatinib and camrelizumab for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma is superior to early combination

BMC Cancer volume 22, Article number: 335 (2022) Cite this article

Abstract

Objective

The purpose of this study was to explore the efficacy and safety of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) combined with apatinib and camrelizumab (TACE + AC) for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and the impact of the timing of the combination on it.

Methods

In this single-arm retrospective study, consecutive data of patients with unresectable HCC treated to our hospital from March 2017 to September 2021 were collected. These patients were treated with TACE and started on camrelizumab and apatinib within one week of TACE. Camrelizumab 200 mg intravenously once every three weeks and apatinib 250 mg orally once daily. Repeat TACE treatment was available on an on-demand basis. The primary endpoints were overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary endpoints included objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and safety. The univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to assess the effect of early and late combination on OS and PFS.

Results

A total of 80 patients were enrolled in this study. The median OS was 22.1 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 13.8–30.5 months) and the median PFS was 15.7 months (95% CI: 14.7–16.6 months). The ORR was 58.8% (95% CI: 47.2–69.6) and DCR reached 81.2% (95% CI: 71.0–89.1). Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression analyses showed that TACE late combined with apatinib and camrelizumab provided better OS than early combination (HR = 0.175, 95% CI:0.060–0.509, P = 0.001), as did PFS (HR = 0.422, 95% CI:0.184–0.967, P = 0.041). All treatment-related adverse events were tolerable, and no serious adverse events were observed.

Conclusion

TACE combined with apatinib plus camrelizumab for patients with unresectable HCC has promising antitumor activity and a manageable safety profile. For unresectable HCC with large tumor burden, late combination provides better OS and PFS compared to early combination.

Peer Review reports

Introduction

Liver cancer is a common cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide [1]. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer [2]. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the most predominant risk factor for the development of HCC, and China has a high incidence of HBV infection [3]. Early-stage HCC can be eradicated by surgery, liver transplantation, and ablative therapy, yet most patients with HCC were detected at an advanced stage, losing the chance of radical treatment, and have a poor prognosis [4, 5].

Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE) is the most commonly performed treatment for unresectable HCC and is recommended as the standard of care for Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage B HCC [4, 6, 7]. In China, different from other HCC clinical practice guidelines, TACE is still recommended for the treatment of HCC with portal invasion and improves the survival of these patients [5]. Repeated TACE therapy can impair liver function and embolization-induced hypoxia can lead to increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and promote tumor recurrence and metastasis [8]. Cai et al. [9] found that TACE combined with sorafenib improved OS at 0.5-year and 1-year OS in HCC patients compared to TACE alone, but did not indicate longer survival times. In addition, the heterogeneity of intermediate and advanced HCC is strong and the long-term outcome is still unsatisfactory, and there is an urgent clinical need for better treatment strategies for it [10].

Anti-angiogenic therapies and immunotherapies have demonstrated clinical benefit in advanced HCC, particularly the combination of the two [11]. The IMBrave150 study showed that atezolizumab in combination with bevacizumab significantly improved patient survival compared to sorafenib, the previous first-line treatment for advanced HCC [11]. Based on the IMBrave150 study, atezolizumab in combination with bevacizumab has been recommended by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) as the first-line perfered treatment option for advanced HCC [12]. Similarly, compared with sorafenib, the ORIENT-32 trial also demonstrated the advantages of combination therapy, possibly due to the synergy between anti-angiogenic drugs and anti-PD-1 antibodies [13]. In addition, the RESCUE trial showed that apatinib in combination with camrelizumab (AC) improved survival in patients with unresectable HCC [14]. In those trials, the majority of participants had previously received local treatments, including TACE.

Several studies have demonstrated that TACE combined with anti-angiogenic therapy and immunotherapy could improve the overall survival (OS) of unresectable HCC [15,16,17]. The importance of TACE in combination therapy was also supported in our previous study [18]. Finding the timing of the appropriate combination therapy is also beneficial in improving the quality of patient survival [19]. Meng et al. [20] found that in TACE combined with sorafenib for HCC that sorafenib should be given orally early after the first TACE. However, the exploration of the timing of TACE combined with anti-angiogenic drugs and immunotherapy has not been reported. What is the best timing for the apatinib plus camrelizumab – early-stage or late-stage after TACE. This study collected clinical data from unresectable HCC patients who received TACE in combination with apatinib and camrelizumab (TACE + AC) in our hospital to study safety and efficacy. Specifically, this study also compared the timing of the combination of TACE and AC and explored the efficacy of early versus late combination of TACE.

Materials and methods

Patients

From March 2017 to September 2021, the clinical data of consecutive patients with unresectable HCC who were treated with TACE in combination with apatinib (Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine Co., Ltd., Jiangsu, China) and camrelizumab (Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine Co., Ltd., Jiangsu, China) therapy, were retrospectively reviewed at our institution.

The main inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) histologically, cytologically or clinically confirmed diagnosis of HCC according to the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases criteria [6], (2) at least 1 measurable lesion according to modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (mRECIST, version 1.1), (3) BCLC stage C or stage B unsuitable for radical resection, (4) Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0 or 1, (5) Child–Pugh stage A or B, (6) received at least one cycle of TACE in combination with apatinib plus camrelizumab. The major exclusion criteria included: (1) a history of portal hypertensive gastrointestinal bleeding in the 3 months prior to enrollment, (2) other clinical trial participants, (3) uncomplete data.

The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice. The study protocol was approved and agreed by the Ethics Review Committee of Wuhan Union Hospital.

Treatment protocol

The TACE procedure was performed by interventionalists with over 10 years of experience, including conventional TACE (cTACE) or drug-eluting bead TACE (DEB-TACE), as described in our previous study [18]. The 5 French (F) RH catheter (Cook, Inc., Bloomington, Indiana, USA) was placed into the opening of the common hepatic artery through the femoral artery by the Seldinger method. After DSA angiography showed the lesion region and the tumor supply artery, a 2.7 F microcatheter (Terumo, Tokyo, Japan) was inserted super-selectively into the tumor supply artery. The type of embolism was decided by both the doctor and the patient. For cTACE, embolization was performed using iodine oil mixed with doxorubicin emulsion, and the vascular trunk was embolized with 350–560 μm absorbable gelatin sponge particles (Hangzhou Alicon Pharm SCI & TEC CO., Ltd., Zhejiang, China). For DEB-TACE, embolization was conducted using CalliSpheres (Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine Co., Ltd., Jiangsu, China) of different diameters loaded with 60 mg of doxorubicin. The endpoint of embolization is the stagnation of blood flow in the tumor-supplying artery. TACE was repeated for patients whose organ function and physical status have not deteriorated, if follow-up enhanced CT or MRI showed that the tumor still had a blood supply. Francesco et al. [21] showed that it is important that experienced radiologists evaluate imaging. Therefore, two experienced radiologists evaluated the patient’s CT or MRI images to assess whether the tumor still had an arterial blood supply in this study.

Apatinib and camrelizumab were initiated within 7 days after TACE. Apatinib at a dose of 250 mg was orally administered once a day. Camrelizumab was injected intravenously at 200 mg once every 3 weeks. Apatinib was suspended 3 days before the next TACE treatment. Doses of apatinib and camrelizumab were reduced, suspended, or discontinued when patients experience serious adverse events (AEs).

Early combination was defined as treatment with apatinib and camrelizumab after the first or second TACE. Late combination was defined as having had at least three times TACE before receiving treatment with apatinib and camrelizumab. Timing of apatinib and camrelizumab application was a decision for both physicians and patients.

Study endpoints

The primary endpoints of this study were OS and progression-free survival (PFS). In addition, we explored whether the timing of TACE in combination with AC was an independent risk factor for prognosis. OS was defined as the time between the start of treatment and death from any cause or last contact. PFS was defined as the time from treatment initiation to the first reported disease progression or death from any cause. The secondary endpoints were objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR). Tumor response was evaluated by two experienced radiologists using mRECIST. AEs were graded according to the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 5.0. Adverse events directly attributable to TACE (e.g., post-embolization syndrome) based on care experience were no longer listed.

Statistical methods

All statistical analyses were performed by SPSS 23.0 statistical software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Normally distributed continuous variables were expressed using the mean ± standard deviation (SD), and non-normally distributed continuous variables were presented using median (interquartile range). Number (percentage) were used for categorical variables. 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of ORR and DCR were estimate by Clopper-Pearson method. The median OS and PFS were estimate using the Kaplan–Meier method. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards were used to measure the factors affecting OS and PFS, and factors with P value < 0.1 in univariate analyses were included in the multivariate analyses. A two-sided P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Patient characteristics

A total of 96 patients with unresectable HCC were reviewed, and 80 patients were enrolled in this study between March 2017 and September 2021 (Fig. 1). The median follow-up time is 14.6 months (95% CI: 12.1–17.2 months) as of January 2022. The reasons for exclusion in 16 patients were as follows: gastrointestinal bleeding before treatment (n = 2), other clinical trials (n = 7), and incomplete data (n = 7). The median age was 52 years (range: 46–62), and 66 (82.5%) of the patients were male; forty-six (57%) patients had an ECOG performance status of 1, and 58 (72.5%) patients had a Child–Pugh class of A; forty-five (56.3%) patients were treated early in combination; forty-four (55%) had extrahepatic metastases, 47 (58.8%) had macrovascular invasion, and 67 (83.7%) had a BCLC stage of C; six-five (81.3%) patients had hepatitis B infection and 70 (87.5%) had liver cirrhosis; the tumor size was 9.7 ± 4.7 cm, and 67 (83.8%) patients had multiple tumor distribution (Table 1).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Flow diagram. HCC = hepatocellular carcinoma; TACE = transarterial chemoembolization

Full size image
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the patients
Full size table

Efficacy

All 80 patients were included in the efficacy analysis. In this study, the median OS of patients with unresectable HCC treated with TACE + AC was 22.1 months (95% CI: 13.8–30.5 months) (Fig. 2A), and the median PFS was 15.7 months (95% CI: 14.7–16.6 months) (Fig. 2B). On the basis of mRECIST 1.1, 47 patients had an objective response (58.8% [95% CI: 47.2–69.6]), and 65 patients had disease control (81.2% [95% CI: 71.0–89.1]) (Table 2). Sixty (75%) patients had a reduction in target lesion load compared to baseline (Fig. 3).

Fig. 2
figure 2

Kaplan–Meier plots of overall survival (A) and progression-free survival (B)

Full size image
Table 2 Tumor response
Full size table
Fig. 3
figure 3

The best change from baseline in sum of the target lesion diameter per patient. CR = complete response; PR = partial response; SD = stable disease; PD = progressive disease

Full size image

Based on the results of univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression analysis, age group (≥ 65 vs. < 65; hazard ratio [HR] = 2.545, 95% CI: 1.113–5.823, P = 0.027), tumor size (HR = 1.010, 95% CI: 1.003–1.017, P = 0.005), and co-treatment time (late combination vs. early combination; HR = 0.175, 95% CI:0.060–0.509, P = 0.001) were confirmed as the independent prognostic factors for OS. Meanwhile, macrovascular invasion (Yes vs. No; HR = 2.193, 95% CI:1.083–4.443, P = 0.029), co-treatment time (late combination vs. early combination; HR = 0.422, 95% CI:0.184–0.967, P = 0.041), and ALP were identified as the independent prognostic factors for PFS (Table 3).

Table 3 Analyses of prognostic factors for survival
Full size table

Safety

Safety analyses were conducted in 80 enrolled patients. The most common AEs of any grade associated with apatinib and camrelizumab include hand-foot skin reaction, hypertension, proteinuria, fatigue, reactive cutaneous capillary endothelial proliferation (RCCEP), and abnormal thyroid function. Among the patients, there were 33 cases (41.3%) of hand-foot skin reaction, 35 cases (43.8%) of hypertension, 25 cases (31.1%) of proteinuria, 16 cases (20.0%) of fatigue, 16 cases (20.0%) of RCCEP, 18 cases (22.6%) of abnormal thyroid function. The grade 3–4 treatment-related AEs that occurred were hand-foot skin reaction in 5 patients (6.3%), hypertension in 6 patients (7.5%), proteinuria in 1 patient (1.3%), fatigue in 2 patients (2.5%), diarrhoea in 2 patients (2.5%), and myocarditis in 1 patient (1.3%) (Table 4). As a result, these 16 patients required a dose reduction of apatinib and another patient discontinued subsequent use of camrelizumab due to myocarditis. Adverse events in all patients were effectively controlled by symptomatic treatment or reduction in drug dose or discontinuation, and there were no treatment-related deaths.

Table 4 Treatment-related adverse events
Full size table

Discussion

Despite significant developments in screening tools that have led to an increase in the detection of early HCC [22], the majority of patients are still diagnosed with unresectable HCC at the time of initial diagnosis [5]. In recent years, treatment options for unresectable HCC have evolved rapidly. The IMBrave 150 trial demonstrated better overall and progression-free survival with atezolizumab in combination with bevacizumab than sorafenib [11]. Atezolizumab combined with bevacizumab was recommended as the first-line treatment of choice for advanced HCC, validating the clinical benefits of anti-angiogenic therapy in combination with anti-PD-1 antibodies for unresectable HCC in clinical practice [12]. The RESCUE trial, an open-label, phase II clinical trial, showed that apatinib in combination with camrelizumab in first- or second-line treatment of advanced HCC exhibits favorable efficacy and safety, providing a new treatment option for unresectable HCC [14]. Most patients had received local treatment including TACE [11, 14], but there are fewer studies on TACE combined with anti-angiogenic therapy and anti-PD-1 antibodies.

This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of TACE + AC for unresectable HCC and explored the factors affecting its prognosis. In this study, patients had a median OS of 22.1 months (95% CI: 13.8–30.5 months) and a median PFS of 15.7 months (95% CI: 14.7–16.6 months), which were similar to previous studies [16, 17]. Cao et al. [16] found median OS and PFS of 23.6 and 13.3 months for TACE combined with lenvatinib and sintilimab for unresectable HCC, respectively. Liu et al. [17] showed that median OS and PFS of 24 and 11.4 months for TACE combined with lenvatinib and camrelizumab for unresectable HCC, respectively. On the other hand, the ORR of 58.8% (95% CI: 47.2–69.6) and DCR of 81.2% (95% CI: 71.0–89.1) in this study were superior to the ORR (34.3% [95%CI: 23.3–46.6]) and DCR (77.1% [95% CI: 65.6–86.3]) of the RESCUE trial, which may be due to the fact that only 60% of patients in the RESCUR trial had received local treatment [14]. The results showed that TACE + AC therapy significantly improved the survival of patients with unresectable HCC. One possible reason is that TACE causes ischemic necrosis of the tumor and reduces tumor load, which increases the release of tumor antigens and the increase in PD-1 and PD-L1 expression, improving tumor recognition [23]. Another possible reason is that TACE has altered the tumor microenvironment to produce a more inflammatory environment, which may support a better T-cell response [24]. Third, anti-VEGF therapy normalizes tumor vasculature and additionally reduces VEGF-mediated immunosuppression in tumors and their microenvironment and may enhance the efficacy of anti-PD-1 and anti-programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) by reversing VEGF-mediated immunosuppression and promoting T-cell infiltration in tumors [11, 25, 26]. Therefore, the combination of TACE, apatinib and camrelizumab may lead to synergistic antitumor effects and improved clinical outcomes in patients with unresectable HCC.

The results of multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression analysis showed that the timing of TACE and drug combination therapy was an independent risk factor for OS and PFS. Previous studies have also shown that sequential use of immune checkpoint inhibitors after radiotherapy improves patient survival compared to concurrent use in other tumors [27, 28]. Late combination had longer survival and progression-free survival compared to early combination, which may be due to the following reasons: (1) The tumor microenvironment in advanced HCC is in an immunosuppressed state, especially in patients with co-infection with chronic hepatitis B. T cells are dysfunctional. TACE therapy could improve this state by producing a more inflammatory environment that is more suitable for T-cell responses [24, 29]. (2) The process of tumor ischemic-hypoxic necrosis releasing large amounts of antigens and altering the tumor microenvironment after TACE are time-consuming. (3) Early-stage tumors may be better treated with immunotherapy [30], while advanced HCC can be downstaged and reduce tumor burden after multiple TACE treatments to achieve similar results as early-stage tumors [31]. In addition, there is a major issue of choosing a repeat treatment for TACE and the optimal number of TACEs before switching to another treatment or best supportive care [32]. Although an ART score is available to determine whether a patient needs repeat TACE therapy [33], unfortunately, this ART score is not appropriate for all HCC patients [32]. Therefore, more research is still needed find the optimal timing of TACE in combination with AC and the optimal number of TACE, and to explain and validate this situation in order to guide clinical practice to provide more clinical benefit to the HCC patients.

The majority of AEs observed with the combination of apatinib and camrelizumab on top of TACE were consistent with the safety of the drugs alone [14, 34]. No new or unexpected adverse events were observed. For apatinib, the majority of AEs were hand-foot skin reaction, hypertension, proteinuria, and fatigue. For camrelizumab, the common AEs were RCCEP and abnormal thyroid function. Notably, the incidence of RCCEP was reduced in combination therapy compared to that in camrelizumab monotherapy, which may be due to the involvement of the VEGF signaling pathway in the mechanism of RCCEP, and similar findings have been reported in other studies [14, 35]. More than 80% of the patients in this study had hepatitis B infection combined with cirrhosis, while the incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding was 3.8%, indicating that combination therapy did not increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding. In addition, the TACE procedures in this study were performed by experienced interventional radiologists, which reduced the stochastic and non-stochastic risk of x-ray exposure [36]. Generally, the AEs in patients were tolerable, and no deaths due to toxicity occurred, indicating an acceptable safety profile for TACE + AC.

This study had several limitations. First, this study was a single-arm, single-center retrospective study with a relatively small sample size, which may reduce the statistical power. Second, the follow-up period of this study was relatively short, and longer follow-up is needed to verify further survival and progression-free survival. Third, the combination timing grouping applied in this study may be biased, and the appropriate timing of combination therapy still needs to be found. Therefore, prospective, future prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled clinical trials are needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of TACE + AC in the treatment of unresectable HCC and to find the optimal timing of combination therapy.

Conclusions

In conclusion, TACE in combination with apatinib and camrelizumab demonstrated encouraging antitumor activity and a manageable safety profile in the treatment of unresectable HCC, providing a feasible and well-tolerated treatment option for these patients. For unresectable HCC with large tumor burden, the survival of TACE late combined with AC is better than early combination, which provides a new idea to explore the optimal timing of TACE combined with anti-angiogenic therapy plus immunotherapy.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  1. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018 GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68(6):394–424.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Llovet JM, Kelley RK, Villanueva A, Singal AG, Pikarsky E, Roayaie S, Lencioni R, Koike K, Zucman-Rossi J, Finn RS. Hepatocellular carcinoma Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021;7(1):6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Chen W, Zheng R, Baade PD, Zhang S, Zeng H, Bray F, Jemal A, Yu XQ, He J. Cancer statistics in China, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin. 2016;66(2):115–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Reig M, Forner A, Rimola J, Ferrer-Fàbrega J, Burrel M, Garcia-Criado Á, Kelley RK, Galle PR, Mazzaferro V, Salem R et al: BCLC strategy for prognosis prediction and treatment recommendation: The 2022 update. J Hepatol. 2022;76(3):681–93.

  5. Zhou J, Sun H, Wang Z, Cong W, Wang J, Zeng M, Zhou W, Bie P, Liu L, Wen T, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (2019 Edition). Liver Cancer. 2020;9(6):682–720.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Heimbach JK, Kulik LM, Finn RS, Sirlin CB, Abecassis MM, Roberts LR, Zhu AX, Murad MH, Marrero JA. AASLD guidelines for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol (Baltimore, MD). 2018;67(1):358–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Vogel A, Cervantes A, Chau I, Daniele B, Llovet JM, Meyer T, Nault JC, Neumann U, Ricke J, Sangro B, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2019;30(5):871–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Kudo M, Ueshima K, Ikeda M, Torimura T, Tanabe N, Aikata H, Izumi N, Yamasaki T, Nojiri S, Hino K, et al. Randomised, multicentre prospective trial of transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE) plus sorafenib as compared with TACE alone in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: TACTICS trial. Gut. 2020;69(8):1492–501.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Cai R, Song R, Pang P, Yan Y, Liao Y, Zhou C, Wang S, Zhou X, Wang H, Zhang H, et al. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization plus sorafenib versus transcatheter arterial chemoembolization alone to treat advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. BMC Cancer. 2017;17(1):714.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Raoul JL, Sangro B, Forner A, Mazzaferro V, Piscaglia F, Bolondi L, Lencioni R. Evolving strategies for the management of intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: available evidence and expert opinion on the use of transarterial chemoembolization. Cancer Treat Rev. 2011;37(3):212–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Finn RS, Qin S, Ikeda M, Galle PR, Ducreux M, Kim T-Y, Kudo M, Breder V, Merle P, Kaseb AO, et al. Atezolizumab plus Bevacizumab in Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(20):1894–905.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Benson AB, D’Angelica MI, Abbott DE, Anaya DA, Anders R, Are C, Bachini M, Borad M, Brown D, Burgoyne A, et al. Hepatobiliary Cancers, Version 2.2021, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2021;19(5):541–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Ren Z, Xu J, Bai Y, Xu A, Cang S, Du C, Li Q, Lu Y, Chen Y, Guo Y, et al. Sintilimab plus a bevacizumab biosimilar (IBI305) versus sorafenib in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (ORIENT-32): a randomised, open-label, phase 2–3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2021;22(7):977–90.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Xu J, Shen J, Gu S, Zhang Y, Wu L, Wu J, Shao G, Zhang Y, Xu L, Yin T, et al. Camrelizumab in Combination with Apatinib in Patients with Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma (RESCUE): A Nonrandomized, Open-label. Phase II Trial Clin Cancer Res. 2021;27(4):1003–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Zheng L, Fang S, Wu F, Chen W, Chen M, Weng Q, Wu X, Song J, Zhao Z, Ji J. Efficacy and Safety of TACE Combined With Sorafenib Plus Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for the Treatment of Intermediate and Advanced TACE-Refractory Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Retrospective Study. Front Mol Biosci. 2020;7:609322.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Cao F, Yang Y, Si TG, Luo J, Zeng H, Zhang ZW, Feng DP, Chen Y, Zheng JP: The Efficacy of TACE Combined With Lenvatinib Plus Sintilimab in Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Multicenter Retrospective Study. Front Oncol. 2021;11:783480.

  17. Liu JF, Li Z, Zhang WG, Lu HB, Sun ZG, Wang GZ, Han XW: Comprehensive Treatment of Trans-Arterial Chemoembolization Plus Lenvatinib Followed by Camrelizumab for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:709060.

  18. Ju S, Zhou C, Yang C, Wang C, Liu J, Wang Y, Huang S, Li T, Chen Y, Bai Y et al: Apatinib Plus Camrelizumab With/Without Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Real-World Experience of a Single Center. Front Oncol. 2022;11:835889.

  19. Greten TF, Mauda-Havakuk M, Heinrich B, Korangy F, Wood BJ: Combined locoregional-immunotherapy for liver cancer. J Hepatol. 2019;70(5):999–1007.

  20. Meng XC, Chen BH, Huang JJ, Huang WS, Cai MY, Zhou JW, Guo YJ, Zhu KS. Early prediction of survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated with transarterial chemoembolization plus sorafenib. World J Gastroenterol. 2018;24(4):484–93.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Tovoli F, Renzulli M, Negrini G, Brocchi S, Ferrarini A, Andreone A, Benevento F, Golfieri R, Morselli-Labate AM, Mastroroberto M, et al. Inter-operator variability and source of errors in tumour response assessment for hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib. Eur Radiol. 2018;28(9):3611–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Renzulli M, Golfieri R. Proposal of a new diagnostic algorithm for hepatocellular carcinoma based on the Japanese guidelines but adapted to the Western world for patients under surveillance for chronic liver disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;31(1):69–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Montasser A, Beaufrère A, Cauchy F, Bouattour M, Soubrane O, Albuquerque M, Paradis V. Transarterial chemoembolisation enhances programmed death-1 and programmed death-ligand 1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Histopathol. 2021;79(1):36–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Sanmamed MF, Chen L. A Paradigm Shift in Cancer Immunotherapy: From Enhancement to Normalization. Cell. 2018;175(2):313–26.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Khan KA, Kerbel RS. Improving immunotherapy outcomes with anti-angiogenic treatments and vice versa. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2018;15(5):310–24.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Wang Q, Gao J, Di W, Wu X. Anti-angiogenesis therapy overcomes the innate resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in VEGFA-overexpressed mouse tumor models. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2020;69(9):1781–99.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Kiess AP, Wolchok JD, Barker CA, Postow MA, Tabar V, Huse JT, Chan TA, Yamada Y, Beal K. Stereotactic radiosurgery for melanoma brain metastases in patients receiving ipilimumab: safety profile and efficacy of combined treatment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2015;92(2):368–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Geng Y, Zhang Q, Feng S, Li C, Wang L, Zhao X, Yang Z, Li Z, Luo H, Liu R, et al. Safety and Efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors combined with radiotherapy in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Med. 2021;10(4):1222–39.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Xiong B, Feng G, Luo S, Liang H, Qiu L, Zheng C, Liu X, Zhou G. Changes of CD4(+) CD25 (+) regulatory T cells in peripheral blood in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma before and after TACE. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2008;28(6):645–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Versluis JM, Long GV, Blank CU. Learning from clinical trials of neoadjuvant checkpoint blockade. Nat Med. 2020;26(4):475–84.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Orlacchio A, Chegai F, Merolla S, Francioso S, Giudice CD, Angelico M, Tisone G, Simonetti G. Downstaging disease in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma outside up-to-seven criteria: Strategies using degradable starch microspheres transcatheter arterial chemo-embolization. World J Hepatol. 2015;7(12):1694–700.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Terzi E, Terenzi L, Venerandi L, Croci L, Renzulli M, Mosconi C, Allegretti G, Granito A, Golfieri R, Bolondi L, et al. The ART score is not effective to select patients for transarterial chemoembolization retreatment in an Italian series. Dig Dis. 2014;32(6):711–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Sieghart W, Hucke F, Pinter M, Graziadei I, Vogel W, Muller C, Heinzl H, Trauner M, Peck-Radosavljevic M. The ART of decision making: Retreatment with transarterial chemoembolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol. 2013;57(6):2261–73.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Huang J, Xu B, Mo H, Zhang W, Chen X, Wu D, Qu D, Wang X, Lan B, Yang B, et al. Safety, Activity, and Biomarkers of SHR-1210, an Anti-PD-1 Antibody, for Patients with Advanced Esophageal Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2018;24(6):1296–304.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Meng X, Wu T, Hong Y, Fan Q, Ren Z, Guo Y, Yang X, Shi P, Yang J, Yin X et al: Camrelizumab plus apatinib as second-line treatment for advanced oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (CAP 02): a single-arm, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;7(3):245–53.

  36. Compagnone G, Giampalma E, Domenichelli S, Renzulli M, Golfieri R. Calculation of conversion factors for effective dose for various interventional radiology procedures. Med Phys. 2012;39(5):2491–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank the patients participating in this study and all staff at the hospital for their contributions to this study.

Funding

This work was funded by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China [81873917] and Science and Technology Department of Yibin (Grant No. 2020SF004).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Shuguang Ju, Chen Zhou and Junwen Hu contributed equally.

Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China

    Shuguang Ju, Chen Zhou, Yingliang Wang, Chaoyang Wang, Jiacheng Liu, Chongtu Yang, Songjiang Huang, Tongqiang Li, Yang Chen, Yaowei Bai, Wei Yao & Bin Xiong

  2. Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China

    Shuguang Ju, Chen Zhou, Yingliang Wang, Chaoyang Wang, Jiacheng Liu, Chongtu Yang, Songjiang Huang, Tongqiang Li, Yang Chen, Yaowei Bai, Wei Yao & Bin Xiong

  3. Department of Oncology, The Third People’s Hospital of Yibin, Sichuan, 644000, China

    Junwen Hu

Authors
  1. Shuguang Ju
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Chen Zhou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Junwen Hu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yingliang Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Chaoyang Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Jiacheng Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Chongtu Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Songjiang Huang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Tongqiang Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Yang Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Yaowei Bai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Wei Yao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Bin Xiong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

BX conceived and designed the experiments. SGJ, CZ, JWH, and YLW performed the analysis. SGJ, CZ, and JWH wrote the paper. CYW, JCL, and CTY prepared figures. SJH, TQL, YC, YWB, WY and BX reviewed the draft. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bin Xiong.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The medical ethics committee of our college (Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of science and technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province) approved the retrospective study and gave up the written informed consent.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ju, S., Zhou, C., Hu, J. et al. Late combination of transarterial chemoembolization with apatinib and camrelizumab for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma is superior to early combination. BMC Cancer 22, 335 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-022-09451-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-022-09451-1

Keywords

  • Apatinib
  • Immunotherapy
  • Transarterial chemoembolization
  • Hepatocellular carcinoma
  • Prognosis

BMC Cancer

ISSN: 1471-2407

Contact us