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  1. Epigenetic gene silencing is one of the major causes of carcinogenesis. Its widespread occurrence in cancer genome could inactivate many cellular pathways including DNA repair, cell cycle control, apoptosis, c...

    Authors: Hui-Juan Yang, Vincent WS Liu, Yue Wang, Percy CK Tsang and Hextan YS Ngan
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:212
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) are involved in colorectal cancer invasion and metastasis. There is still debate whether t...

    Authors: Tae-Dong Kim, Kyoung-Sub Song, Ge Li, Hoon Choi, Hae-Duck Park, Kyu Lim, Byung-Doo Hwang and Wan-Hee Yoon
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:211
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. Breast cancer (BC) detection in women with a genetic susceptibility or strong family history is considered mandatory compared with BC screening in the general population. However, screening modalities depend o...

    Authors: Laura Cortesi, Daniela Turchetti, Isabella Marchi, Antonella Fracca, Barbara Canossi, Rachele Battista, Silvia Ruscelli, Anna Rita Pecchi, Pietro Torricelli and Massimo Federico
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:210
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. Individuals heterozygous for germline ATM mutations have been reported to have an increased risk for breast cancer but the role for ATM genetic variants for breast cancer risk has remained unclear. Recently, a co...

    Authors: Johanna Tommiska, Laila Jansen, Outi Kilpivaara, Hege Edvardsen, Vessela Kristensen, Anitta Tamminen, Kristiina Aittomäki, Carl Blomqvist, Anne-Lise Børresen-Dale and Heli Nevanlinna
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:209
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. The majority of colorectal cancer (CRC) cases develop through the adenoma-carcinoma pathway. If an increase in DNA repair expression is detected in both early adenomas and carcinomas it may indicate that low r...

    Authors: Mona Sæbø, Camilla Furu Skjelbred, Bjørn Andersen Nexø, Håkan Wallin, Inger-Lise Hansteen, Ulla Vogel and Elin H Kure
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:208
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. The tumor-associated glycoprotein osteopontin (OPN) is discussed as a plasma surrogate marker of tumor hypoxia and as an indicator of the presence of pleural mesothelioma in asbestos-exposed individuals. The c...

    Authors: Dirk Vordermark, Harun M Said, Astrid Katzer, Thomas Kuhnt, Gabriele Hänsgen, Jürgen Dunst, Michael Flentje and Matthias Bache
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:207
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. The mechanism for maintaining telomere integrity is controlled by telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein enzyme that specifically restores telomere sequences, lost during replication by means of an intrinsic RNA comp...

    Authors: Blanca Murillo-Ortiz, Horacio Astudillo-De la Vega, Sebastian Castillo-Medina, JM Malacara and Luis Benitez-Bribiesca
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:206
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. Fragile sites are regions of the genome sensitive to replication stress and to exposure to environmental carcinogens. The two most commonly expressed fragile sites FRA3B and FRA16D host the histidine triad (FHIT)...

    Authors: Pascale Willem, Jacqueline Brown and Jan Schouten
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:205
    Content type: Technical advance Published on:

  9. The amide class compound, 3, 4-dichloropropionanilide (DCPA) is known to affect multiple signaling pathways in lymphocyte and macrophage including the inhibition of NF-κB ability. However, little is known abou...

    Authors: Bing-Hua Jiang, Ling-Zhi Liu, Rosana Schafer, Daniel C Flynn and John B Barnett
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:204
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. Uncontrolled proliferation and increased motility are hallmarks of neoplastic cells, therefore markers of proliferation and motility may be valuable in assessing tumor progression and prognosis. MCM2 is a memb...

    Authors: Jun Yang, Nithya Ramnath, Kirsten B Moysich, Harold L Asch, Helen Swede, Sadir J Alrawi, Joel Huberman, Joseph Geradts, John SJ Brooks and Dongfeng Tan
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:203
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. The MITO-2 (Multicentre Italian Trials in Ovarian cancer) study is a randomized phase III trial comparing carboplatin plus paclitaxel to carboplatin plus pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in first-line chemother...

    Authors: Sandro Pignata, Giovanni Scambia, Antonella Savarese, Enrico Breda, Paolo Scollo, Rocco De Vivo, Emanuela Rossi, Vittorio Gebbia, Donato Natale, Filomena Del Gaizo, Emanuele Naglieri, Antonella Ferro, Pietro Musso, Alfonso Maria D'Arco, Roberto Sorio, Carmela Pisano…
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:202
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. The treatment of ovarian cancer is hindered by intrinsic or acquired resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy. The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of mismatch repair (MMR) inactivation in ovar...

    Authors: Jozien Helleman, Iris L van Staveren, Winand NM Dinjens, Patricia F van Kuijk, Kirsten Ritstier, Patricia C Ewing, Maria EL van der Burg, Gerrit Stoter and Els MJJ Berns
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:201
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. In real-time RT quantitative PCR (qPCR) the accuracy of normalized data is highly dependent on the reliability of the reference genes (RGs). Failure to use an appropriate control gene for normalization of qPCR...

    Authors: Silvia Saviozzi, Francesca Cordero, Marco Lo Iacono, Silvia Novello, Scagliotti V Giorgio and Raffaele A Calogero
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:200
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) is a metalloprotein enzyme that belongs to the acid phosphatases and is known to be expressed by osteoclasts. It has already been investigated as a marker of bone met...

    Authors: A Honig, L Rieger, M Kapp, M Krockenberger, M Eck, J Dietl and U Kämmerer
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:199
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. There is still much debate about the best adjuvant therapy after surgery for endometrial cancer (EC) and there are no current guidelines. Radiotherapy (RT) alone does not seem to improve overall survival. We i...

    Authors: Giorgia Mangili, Patrizia De Marzi, Saverio Beatrice, Emanuela Rabaiotti, Riccardo Viganò, Luigi Frigerio, Cinzia Gentile and Ferruccio Fazio
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:198
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. Prostate cancer cells communicate reciprocally with the stromal cells surrounding them, inside the prostate, and after metastasis, within the bone. Each tissue secretes factors for interpretation by the other....

    Authors: Amanda Tate, Shuji Isotani, Michael J Bradley, Robert A Sikes, Rodney Davis, Leland WK Chung and Magnus Edlund
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:197
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. Large randomised clinical trials and systematic reviews substantiate that tamoxifen is ineffective in improving survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, a recent report suggested that...

    Authors: Ciro Gallo, Ermelinda De Maio, Massimo Di Maio, Giuseppe Signoriello, Bruno Daniele, Sandro Pignata, Annalisa Annunziata and Francesco Perrone
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:196
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. The chemokine stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1 or CXCL12) and its receptor CXCR4 have been demonstrated to be crucial for the homing of stem cells and prostate cancers to the marrow. While screening prostate ca...

    Authors: AM Havens, Y Jung, YX Sun, J Wang, RB Shah, HJ Bühring, KJ Pienta and RS Taichman
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:195
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. Young age remains a controversial issue as a prognostic factor in breast cancer. Debate includes patients from different parts of the world. Almost 50% of patients with breast cancer seen at the American Unive...

    Authors: Nagi S El Saghir, Muhieddine Seoud, Mazen K Khalil, Maya Charafeddine, Ziad K Salem, Fady B Geara and Ali I Shamseddine
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:194
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. Distant spread from breast cancer is commonly found in bones, lungs, liver and central nervous system. Metastatic involvement of peritoneum and retroperitoneum is unusual and unexpected.

    Authors: G Franceschini, A Manno, A Mulè, A Verbo, G Rizzo, D Sermoneta, L Petito, P D'alba, C Maggiore, D Terribile, R Masetti and C Coco
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:193
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  21. The homeobox gene HEX is expressed in several cell types during different phases of animal development. It encodes for a protein localized in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. During early mouse development,...

    Authors: Cinzia Puppin, Fabio Puglisi, Lucia Pellizzari, Guidalberto Manfioletti, Marta Pestrin, Maura Pandolfi, Andrea Piga, Carla Di Loreto and Giuseppe Damante
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:192
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a transcription factor that regulates adipogenic differentiation and glucose homeostasis. Spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) and ornithine ...

    Authors: Michele Linsalata, Romina Giannini, Maria Notarnicola and Aldo Cavallini
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:191
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. Extensive disease of cholangiocarcinoma (CC) determines the overall outcome and limits curative resection. Despite chemotherapy, which has been introduced to improve the outcome of biliary tract malignancies, ...

    Authors: Martin F Sprinzl, Carl C Schimanski, Markus Moehler, Simin Schadmand-Fischer, Peter R Galle and Stephan Kanzler
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:190
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  24. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is associated with ovarian cancer and may impact the prognosis of ovarian cancer. Our aims were to examine the extent of disease at the time of the diagnosis of ovarian cancer and ...

    Authors: Mette S Tetsche, Mette Nørgaard, Lars Pedersen, Timothy L Lash and Henrik T Sørensen
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:189
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. Interleukins and cytokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of many solid cancers. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified in cytokine genes are thought to influence the expression ...

    Authors: SP Balasubramanian, IAF Azmy, SE Higham, AG Wilson, SS Cross, A Cox, NJ Brown and MW Reed
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:188
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. Recent experimental studies have shown that Bcl-2, which has been established as a key player in the control of apoptosis, plays a role in regulating the cell cycle and proliferation. The aim of this study was...

    Authors: Shinichi Tsutsui, Kazuhiro Yasuda, Kosuke Suzuki, Hideya Takeuchi, Takashi Nishizaki, Hidefumi Higashi and Shoichi Era
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:187
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. Carcinosarcoma of the colon is a rare histopathological entity with uncertain histogenesis, that shows both epithelial and mesenchymal malignant differentiation. Carcinosarcoma rarely affects the gastrointesti...

    Authors: Andrea Ambrosini-Spaltro, Valentina Vaira, Paola Braidotti, Marco PL Rovati, Stefano Ferrero and Silvano Bosari
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:185
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  30. In most patients with ovarian cancer, diagnosis occurs after the tumour has disseminated beyond the ovaries. In these cases, post-surgical taxane/platinum combination chemotherapy is the "gold standard". Howev...

    Authors: Jürgen Sonnemann, Jennifer Gänge, Sabine Pilz, Christine Stötzer, Ralf Ohlinger, Antje Belau, Gerd Lorenz and James F Beck
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:183
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), the key enzyme in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, is involved in critical steps of tumor onset and progression, and is a strong predictor of chemotherapy resist...

    Authors: Gabriella Ferrandina, Franco O Ranelletti, Enrica Martinelli, Amelia Paglia, Gian Franco Zannoni and Giovanni Scambia
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:182
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. Cyclooxygenase (COX) is the rate-limiting enzyme that catalyzes the formation of prostaglandins. The inducible isoform of COX (COX-2) is highly expressed in aggressive metastatic breast cancers and may play a ...

    Authors: Teri L Larkins, Marchele Nowell, Shailesh Singh and Gary L Sanford
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:181
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. A loss of heterozygosity (LOH) represents a unilateral chromosomal loss that reduces the dose of highly repetitive Alu, L1, and LTR retroelements. The aim of this study was to determine if the LOH events can affe...

    Authors: Young-Ho Kim, Seung-Jin Hong, Yu-Chae Jung, Sung-Ja Kim, Eun-Joo Seo, Sang-Wook Choi and Mun-Gan Rhyu
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:180
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. The primary aim of treatment of a patient who has developed metastatic disease is palliation. The objectives of the current study are to describe and quantify the clinical management of women with metastatic b...

    Authors: Klaartje Manders, Lonneke V van de Poll-Franse, Geert-Jan Creemers, Gerard Vreugdenhil, Maurice JC van der Sangen, Grard AP Nieuwenhuijzen, Rudi MH Roumen and Adri C Voogd
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:179
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a rare malignancy in most parts of the world but is common in southern China. A recent report from the Hong Kong Cancer Registry, a high-risk area for NPC in southern China, s...

    Authors: Wei-Hua Jia, Qi-Hong Huang, Jian Liao, Weimin Ye, YY Shugart, Qing Liu, Li-Zhen Chen, Yan-Hua Li, Xiao Lin, Fa-Lin Wen, Hans-Olov Adami, Yi Zeng and Yi-Xin Zeng
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:178
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. Neuroblastoma is a frequently lethal pediatric cancer in which MYCN genomic amplification is highly correlated with aggressive disease. Deregulated MYC genes require co-operative lesions to foster tumourigenesis ...

    Authors: Vincent Dam, Brian T Morgan, Pavel Mazanek and Michael D Hogarty
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:177
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. It has recently been shown that overexpression of the serine protease, matriptase, in transgenic mice causes a dramatically increased frequency of carcinoma formation. Overexpression of HAI-1 and matriptase to...

    Authors: Lotte K Vogel, Mona Sæbø, Camilla F Skjelbred, Kathrine Abell, Esben DK Pedersen, Ulla Vogel and Elin H Kure
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:176
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. The risk of sporadic colorectal cancer is mainly associated with lifestyle factors and may be modulated by several genetic factors of low penetrance. Genetic variants represented by single nucleotide polymorph...

    Authors: Camilla F Skjelbred, Mona Sæbø, Bjørn A Nexø, Håkan Wallin, Inger-Lise Hansteen, Ulla Vogel and Elin H Kure
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:175
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. The effect of current therapies in improving the survival of lung cancer patients remains far from satisfactory. It is consequently desirable to find more appropriate therapeutic opportunities based on informe...

    Authors: Akihiko Gemma, Cai Li, Yuka Sugiyama, Kuniko Matsuda, Yoko Seike, Seiji Kosaihira, Yuji Minegishi, Rintaro Noro, Michiya Nara, Masahiro Seike, Akinobu Yoshimura, Aki Shionoya, Akiko Kawakami, Naoki Ogawa, Haruka Uesaka and Shoji Kudoh
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:174
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. A cohort study was conducted to examine the role of genetic polymorphisms in three estrogen metabolizing enzymes (COMT, CYP1A1, CYP1B1) and the two estrogen receptors (ESR1, ESR2) in the progression of benign bre...

    Authors: Lisa Gallicchio, Sonja I Berndt, Meghan A McSorley, Craig J Newschaffer, Lucy W Thuita, Pedram Argani, Sandra C Hoffman and Kathy J Helzlsouer
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:173
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO) is a cytotoxic anti-CD33 monoclonal antibody that has given promising preliminary results in adult myeloid CD33+ AML. We conducted a retrospective multicenter study of 12 children tr...

    Authors: Benoit Brethon, Anne Auvrignon, Claire Galambrun, Karima Yakouben, Thierry Leblanc, Yves Bertrand, Guy Leverger and André Baruchel
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:172
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. Abnormal levels of Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) have been observed in many human neoplasms including breast cancer and it has been demonstrated that they have both prognostic and therapeutic implications. In thi...

    Authors: Mariarita Romanucci, Alessia Marinelli, Giuseppe Sarli and Leonardo Della Salda
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:171
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. Estrogen/progestin replacement therapy (EPRT), alcohol consumption, physical activity, and breast-feeding duration differ from other factors associated with breast cancer in being immediately modifiable by the...

    Authors: Christina A Clarke, David M Purdie and Sally L Glaser
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:170
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. The occurrence of skeletal muscle metastases is a very rare event. Only two cases of late skeletal muscle recurrence from cervical cancer have been documented until now.

    Authors: Gabriella Ferrandina, Vanda Salutari, Antonia Testa, Gian Franco Zannoni, Marco Petrillo and Giovanni Scambia
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:169
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  45. The presence of cancer makes it difficult to predict the progress of pregnancy and can be deleterious to the maternal-foetal relationship. Apoptosis may affect a range of placental functions and result in the ...

    Authors: Mércia Tancredo Toledo, Gislaine Ventrucci and Maria Cristina Cintra Gomes Marcondes
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:168
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the most common cancers in southern China. In addition to environmental factors such as Epstein-Barr virus infection and diet, genetic susceptibility has been reported ...

    Authors: Yun Cao, Xiao-Ping Miao, Ma-Yan Huang, Ling Deng, Li-Fu Hu, Ingemar Ernberg, Yi-Xin Zeng, Dong-Xin Lin and Jian-Yong Shao
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:167
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. Activation of caspase-9 in response to treatment with cytotoxic drugs is inhibited in NSCLC cells, which may contribute to the clinical resistance to chemotherapy shown in this type of tumor. The aim of the pr...

    Authors: Agnieszka Checinska, Giuseppe Giaccone, Bas SJ Hoogeland, Carlos G Ferreira, Jose A Rodriguez and Frank AE Kruyt
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:166
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. To evaluate the expression and test the clinical significance of the epithelial cellular adhesion molecule (Ep-CAM) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) to check the suitability of esophageal SCC patien...

    Authors: Nikolas H Stoecklein, Annika Siegmund, Peter Scheunemann, Andreas M Luebke, Andreas Erbersdobler, Pablo E Verde, Claus F Eisenberger, Matthias Peiper, Alexander Rehders, Jan Schulte am Esch, Wolfram Trudo Knoefel and Stefan B Hosch
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:165
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. The association of nipple discharge with breast carcinoma has resulted in numerous women undergoing exploratory surgery to exclude malignancy. The aim of this study was to determine whether pre-operative facto...

    Authors: Mary F Dillon, Shah R Mohd Nazri, Shaaira Nasir, Enda W McDermott, Denis Evoy, Thomas B Crotty, Niall O'Higgins and Arnold DK Hill
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:164
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. Although the human β-defensins hBDs today seem to have diverse functional activities in innate antimicrobial immunity, a few reports also indicated an altered expression of these antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) ...

    Authors: T Gambichler, M Skrygan, J Huyn, FG Bechara, M Sand, P Altmeyer and A Kreuter
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2006 6:163
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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