Grávalos C, García-Escobar I, García-Alfonso P, Cassinello J, Malón D, Carrato A. Adjuvant chemotherapy for stages II, III and IV of colon cancer. Clin Transl Oncol. 2009;11(8):526–33.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Laurie JA, Moertel CG, Fleming TR, Wieand HS, Leigh JE, Rubin J, et al. Surgical adjuvant therapy of large-bowel carcinoma: an evaluation of levamisole and the combination of levamisole and fluorouracil. The north central Cancer treatment group and the Mayo Clinic. J Clin Oncol. 1989;7(10):1447–56.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Moertel CG, Fleming TR, Macdonald JS, Haller DG, Laurie JA, Goodman PJ, et al. Levamisole and fluorouracil for adjuvant therapy of resected colon carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1990;322(6):352–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Moertel CG, Fleming TR, Macdonald JS, Haller DG, Laurie JA, Tangen CM, et al. Fluorouracil plus levamisole as effective adjuvant therapy after resection of stage III colon carcinoma: a final report. Ann Intern Med. 1995;122(5):321–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hanna TP, King WD, Thibodeau S, Jalink M, Paulin GA, Harvey-Jones E, et al. Mortality due to cancer treatment delay: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020;371:m4087.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Petrelli F, Zaniboni A, Ghidini A, Ghidini M, Turati L, Pizzo C, et al. Timing of adjuvant chemotherapy and survival in colorectal, gastric, and pancreatic cancer a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancers (Basel). 2019;11(4):550.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Biagi JJ, Raphael MJ, Mackillop WJ, Kong W, King WD, Booth CM. Association between time to initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy and survival in colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2011;305(22):2335–42.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Des Guetz G, Nicolas P, Perret GY, Morere JF, Uzzan B. Does delaying adjuvant chemotherapy after curative surgery for colorectal cancer impair survival? A meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer. 2010;46(6):1049–55.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
National Quality Forum Cancer Fall 2019 Cycle Measures. https://www.qualityforum.org/ProjectMeasures.aspx?projectID=86163&cycleNo=2&cycleYear=2019.
American Society of Clinical Oncology. QOPI Certification Track 2021 Measures Summary. 2020. https://practice.asco.org/sites/default/files/drupalfiles/QOPI-2021-Round-1-Measure-Summary-QCP-Track.pdf. Accessed 28 Mar 2022.
Hernan MA, Sauer BC, Hernandez-Diaz S, Platt R, Shrier I. Specifying a target trial prevents immortal time bias and other self-inflicted injuries in observational analyses. J Clin Epidemiol. 2016;79:70–5.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Suissa S, Dell'Aniello S. Time-related biases in pharmacoepidemiology. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2020;29(9):1101–10.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Suissa S. Immortal time bias in pharmaco-epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;167(4):492–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lash TL, Cole SR. Immortal person-time in studies of cancer outcomes. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(23):e55–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hanley JA, Foster BJ. Avoiding blunders involving ‘immortal time’. Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43(3):949–61.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Platt R, Hutcheon J, Suissa S. Immortal time Bias in epidemiology. Curr Epidemiol Rep. 2019;6(1):23–7.
Article
Google Scholar
Yadav K, Lewis RJ. Immortal time Bias in observational studies. JAMA. 2021;325(7):686–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Giobbie-Hurder A, Gelber RD, Regan MM. Challenges of guarantee-time bias. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(23):2963–9.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Weberpals J, Jansen L, van Herk-Sukel MPP, Kuiper JG, Aarts MJ, Vissers PAJ, et al. Immortal time bias in pharmacoepidemiological studies on cancer patient survival: empirical illustration for beta-blocker use in four cancers with different prognosis. Eur J Epidemiol. 2017;32(11):1019–31.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Emilsson L, Garcia-Albeniz X, Logan RW, Caniglia EC, Kalager M, Hernan MA. Examining Bias in studies of statin treatment and survival in patients with Cancer. JAMA Oncol. 2018;4(1):63–70.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
U.S. Food & drug administration: clinical trial endpoints for the approval of cancer drugs and biologics. 2018.
Google Scholar
Ellis LM, Bernstein DS, Voest EE, Berlin JD, Sargent D, Cortazar P, et al. American society of clinical oncology perspective: raising the bar for clinical trials by defining clinically meaningful outcomes. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(12):1277–80.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hernan MA, Alonso A, Logan R, Grodstein F, Michels KB, Willett WC, et al. Observational studies analyzed like randomized experiments: an application to postmenopausal hormone therapy and coronary heart disease. Epidemiology. 2008;19(6):766–79.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Gran JM, Roysland K, Wolbers M, Didelez V, Sterne JA, Ledergerber B, et al. A sequential cox approach for estimating the causal effect of treatment in the presence of time-dependent confounding applied to data from the Swiss HIV cohort study. Stat Med. 2010;29(26):2757–68.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Karim ME, Gustafson P, Petkau J, Tremlett H, Long-Term B. Adverse effects of Beta-interferon for multiple sclerosis study G: comparison of statistical approaches for dealing with immortal time Bias in drug effectiveness studies. Am J Epidemiol. 2016;184(4):325–35.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cole SR, Hernan MA. Constructing inverse probability weights for marginal structural models. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;168(6):656–64.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Greenland S, Pearl J, Robins JM. Causal diagrams for epidemiologic research. Epidemiology. 1999;10(1):37–48.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pearl J. Causality: models, reasoning, and inference. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2009.
Book
Google Scholar
Digitale JC, Martin JN, Glymour MM. Tutorial on directed acyclic graphs. J Clin Epidemiol. 2022;142:264–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.08.001. Epub 2021 Aug 8.
National Cancer Institute. NCI Comorbidity Index Overview. 2021. https://healthcaredelivery.cancer.gov/seermedicare/considerations/comorbidity.html. Accessed 28 Mar 2022.
Austin PC, Stuart EA. Moving towards best practice when using inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) using the propensity score to estimate causal treatment effects in observational studies. Stat Med. 2015;34(28):3661–79.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Xie J, Liu C. Adjusted Kaplan-Meier estimator and log-rank test with inverse probability of treatment weighting for survival data. Stat Med. 2005;24(20):3089–110.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Andersen PK, Perme MP. Pseudo-observations in survival analysis. Stat Methods Med Res. 2010;19(1):71–99.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Andersen PK, Syriopoulou E, Parner ET. Causal inference in survival analysis using pseudo-observations. Stat Med. 2017;36(17):2669–81.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Robins JM, Hernan MA, Brumback B. Marginal structural models and causal inference in epidemiology. Epidemiology. 2000;11(5):550–60.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hernan MA. The hazards of hazard ratios. Epidemiology. 2010;21(1):13–5.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Aalen OO, Cook RJ, Roysland K. Does cox analysis of a randomized survival study yield a causal treatment effect? Lifetime Data Anal. 2015;21(4):579–93.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Royston P, Parmar MK. Restricted mean survival time: an alternative to the hazard ratio for the design and analysis of randomized trials with a time-to-event outcome. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2013;13:152.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sutradhar R, Austin PC. Relative rates not relative risks: addressing a widespread misinterpretation of hazard ratios. Ann Epidemiol. 2018;28(1):54–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Trinquart L, Bill-Axelson A, Rider JR. Restricted mean survival times to improve communication of evidence from Cancer randomized trials and observational studies. Eur Urol. 2019;76(2):137–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hernán MA. Causal analyses of existing databases: no power calculations required. J Clin Epidemiol. 2022;144:203–5.
Smith AH, Bates MN. Confidence limit analyses should replace power calculations in the interpretation of epidemiologic studies. Epidemiology. 1992;3(5):449–52.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Greenland S, Robins JM. Identifiability, exchangeability, and epidemiological confounding. Int J Epidemiol. 1986;15(3):413–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Greenland S, Robins JM. Identifiability, exchangeability and confounding revisited. Epidemiol Perspect Innov. 2009;6:4.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mehio-Sibai A, Feinleib M, Sibai TA, Armenian HK. A positive or a negative confounding variable? A simple teaching aid for clinicians and students. Ann Epidemiol. 2005;15(6):421–3.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Maringe C, Benitez Majano S, Exarchakou A, Smith M, Rachet B, Belot A, et al. Reflection on modern methods: trial emulation in the presence of immortal-time bias. Assessing the benefit of major surgery for elderly lung cancer patients using observational data. Int J Epidemiol. 2020;49(5):1719–29.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Grothey A, Sobrero AF, Shields AF, Yoshino T, Paul J, Taieb J, et al. Duration of adjuvant chemotherapy for stage III Colon Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(13):1177–88.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lieu C, Kennedy EB, Bergsland E, Berlin J, George TJ, Gill S, et al. Duration of Oxaliplatin-containing adjuvant therapy for stage III Colon Cancer: ASCO clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(16):1436–47.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hernan MA. How to estimate the effect of treatment duration on survival outcomes using observational data. BMJ. 2018;360:k182.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bayraktar UD, Chen E, Bayraktar S, Sands LR, Marchetti F, Montero AJ, et al. Does delay of adjuvant chemotherapy impact survival in patients with resected stage II and III colon adenocarcinoma? Cancer. 2011;117(11):2364–70.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Massarweh NN, Haynes AB, Chiang YJ, Chang GJ, You YN, Feig BW, et al. Adequacy of the National quality forum’s Colon cancer adjuvant chemotherapy quality metric: is 4 months soon enough? Ann Surg. 2015;262(2):312–20.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Becerra AZ, Aquina CT, Mohile SG, Tejani MA, Schymura MJ, Boscoe FP, et al. Variation in delayed time to adjuvant chemotherapy and disease-specific survival in stage III Colon Cancer patients. Ann Surg Oncol. 2017;24(6):1610–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Turner MC, Farrow NE, Rhodin KE, Sun Z, Adam MA, Mantyh CR, et al. Delay in adjuvant chemotherapy and survival advantage in stage III Colon Cancer. J Am Coll Surg. 2018;226(4):670–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Suissa S. Immortal time bias in observational studies of drug effects. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2007;16(3):241–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zeig-Owens R, Gershman ST, Knowlton R, Jacobson JS. Survival and time interval from surgery to start of chemotherapy among colon cancer patients. J Registry Manag. 2009;36(2):30–41 quiz 61-32.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cui Y, Wen W, Zheng T, Li H, Gao YT, Cai H, et al. Use of antihypertensive medications and survival rates for breast, colorectal, lung, or stomach Cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 2019;188(8):1512–28.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hernan MA, Robins JM. Using big data to emulate a target trial when a randomized trial is not available. Am J Epidemiol. 2016;183(8):758–64.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hernan MA, Hernandez-Diaz S, Robins JM. A structural approach to selection bias. Epidemiology. 2004;15(5):615–25.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Alcaraz KI, Wiedt TL, Daniels EC, Yabroff KR, Guerra CE, Wender RC. Understanding and addressing social determinants to advance cancer health equity in the United States: a blueprint for practice, research, and policy. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020;70(1):31–46.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lu Y, Gehr AW, Narra K, Lingam A, Ghabach B, Meadows RJ, Ojha RP. Impact of prognostic factor distributions on mortality disparities for socioeconomically disadvantaged cancer patients. Ann Epidemiol. 2022;65:31–7.