Detection of PIK3/AKT pathway in Moroccan population with triple negative breast cancer

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly diverse group of cancers defined by the lack of oestrogen, progesterone, and ERBB2 receptors expression, it may account for 10–20% of all newly diagnosed breast cancer cases [1], and it mostly arises in younger and premenopausal women [2]. TNBC is generally associated with larger size, higher histological grade, more advanced disease stage and a tendency towards local and visceral metastases showing the worse prognosis compared to other breast cancer subtypes [3, 4] .

Although many reports claim that TNBCs respond to chemotherapy better than other types of breast cancer, his prognosis remains poor [3] and this is due to shortened disease-free interval in the adjuvant and neoadjuvant setting and a more aggressive course in the metastatic setting [4]. Therefore, establishing a new effective molecular therapeutic approach in killing TNBC cells is crucially required to improve TNBC patients outcome [5]. This emphasize the importance of molecular studies in this breast cancer subtype.

Since the development of molecular technologies tell now many genomic studies has been conducted in purpose of better understanding the molecular nature of triple negative breast cancer, these studies have shown that TNBC could be classified into numerous independent subtypes remarkably heterogeneous at the genomic level [6], They further shed light into the large number of genes and major cellular pathways potentially involved in TNBC tumorigenesis. In the last decade, there has been intensive research to define the relative contributions of these genes and cellular pathways in TNBC and to identify therapeutic targets for TNBC based on genomics [7].

The PI3K/AKT is one of the most frequently altered pathway in breast cancer.in TNBC is the second most altered after TP53 gene. This pathway is implicated in many cell cycle process like cell survivor or proliferation [8], these process are ensured by serine and/or threonine phosphorylation of this pathway downstream substrates [9]. The key proteins involved are phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt/Protein Kinase B. PI3K protein is an heterodimer consists of two subunits: p110 catalytic subunit encoded by PIK3CA (p110α), PIK3CB (p110β) or PIK3CD (p110δ) and one p85 regulatory subunit encoded by PIK3R1 (p85α), PIK3R2 (p85β) or PIK3R3 (p85γ) [10]. This protein is responsible for the phosphorylation of Akt, a serine/threonine kinase through the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate (PIP2), to phosphatidylinositol 3,4,4-triphosphate (PIP3). The phosphorylation of AKT initiate a downstream signaling cascade that is regulated by The tumor suppressor Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) this protein reverses the effects of PI3K by dephosphorylating the same site on membrane phosphatidylinositols that is phosphorylated by PI3K [11, 12]. In cancer genomic alterations in one of this pathway key proteins like gene mutations or duplications cause cell cycle dysregulation leading to cancer genesis, and because genomic aberrations can predict responsiveness to targeted therapies, and because multiple PI3K pathway members are frequently aberrant in breast tumors, targeting this pathway may provide a highly effective therapeutic approach [13, 14].

PIK3CA mutations are the most common genetic alteration of this pathway. Approximately 80% of PIK3CA somatic mutations are located in two common hotspot regions [15], the helical that contains E542K or E545K mutations in exon 9 and the kinase that carries H1047R or H1047L mutation in exon 20. The mechanism by which they promote constitutive PI3K signaling remains unclear [16]. Both types of mutation were indicated to be gain-of-function and transforming activity [17, 18].

On the other hand, genomic aberrations observed in the PI3K pathway in breast cancer include also activating alterations, involving the AKT and loss/mutation of PTEN [19, 20].The prevalence of AKT1 mutation (E17K) in breast cancer is 8%, which has been shown to lead to notable kinase activity than that of wild-type AKT1 [21]. Therefore, AKT integrates various upstream inputs and triggers downstream network activities [17].While PTEN mutations are relatively uncommon in breast cancer (< 5%), PTEN protein loss is frequent (~ 30%) [12, 22].This loss is reported to be caused by various mechanisms, such as promoter methylation, loss of heterozygosity, and regulation at the RNA or protein level. [12, 22, 23]

The current study aim to analyze the clinocapathologic and molecular characteristics of PI3K/AKT/PTEN pathway in Moroccan triple negative breast cancer patients.

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K/Akt) signaling cascade is crucial to divergent physiological processes, which include cell cycle progression, differentiation, and metabolism [24]. The PI3K/Akt pathway aberrations are common in breast cancer, pointing to a critical role for this signaling pathway in breast carcinogenesis [22]. This pathway is frequently activated in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), via molecular abnormalities such as PIK3CA mutations or loss of PTEN function.As has been observed previously, PIK3CA oncogene mutations were more common in TNBC unlike Akt1 and PTEN mutations [25–27].

In the present study, the mutation rate of PIK3CA in triple negative breast cancer was 13% (5/39). Two different PIK3CA mutations were identified: c.1633G > A p.E545K in helical domain encoded by exon 9 and c.3140A > G p.H1047R in the kinase domain encoded by exon 20. Mutations p.E545K and p.H1047Rhave been found in previous studies to be the most prevalent in breast cancer and are associated with an increase activity in the PI3K pathway. These findings are consistent with those of Chen YH et al. study, which have found a prevalence of 16% (6/38) [28]. This was confirmed by Milis et al. study comprising a larger cohort of 702 TNBC patientsin whom 93 had mutations in the PIK3CA gene (ie 13%) [26].

The rate obtained in our study remains lower than that reported by Cossu-Rocca et al., who in a cohort of 97 TNBC patients, 23% were found to have PIK3CA mutation [29]. This rate were further supported by Kriegsmann et al. who showed 22,1% PIK3CA mutation rate in a cohort of 104 TNBC patients [30].

These differences in rates can be explained by the difference in the studied populations, particularly African-Americans who have a low percentage of PI3KCA gene mutations compared with the Caucasian population. This hypothesis was observed in the study of Ademuyiwaet al [31].

We were interested in testing the relationship between PIK3CA mutational status and other known clinic-pathologic markers (table1). No association was identified regarding PIK3CA mutations and patient age, histopathological type or grade of the tumors. These results are similar to those of Paul S Weisman et al. [32].

Besides PIK3CA gene, AKT1 and PTEN gene also known to be altered in PIK3 pathway. In the present study, no mutations were detected in AKT1 and PTEN genes. These results are consistent with those of Stemke-Hale et al. who in a cohort of 20 TNBC tumors showed no mutation in PTEN gene [22]. Furthermore, the same study also investigated the AKT1 E17K mutation prevalence in a cohort of 111 TNBC patients and found no mutations [22].Another study performed by K. Hashimoto et al., confirm our results since no mutations was detected in 75 TNBC patients [33].

Mutations in the PTEN gene are rarely seen in breast cancers (< 5%), however the loss of expression of PTEN protein (promoter methylation, loss of heterozygosity) is widespread [10]. Expression analysis of PTEN by immunohistochemistry revealed a loss of expression in 69% of triple negative tumors (372 cases) according to a study by Millis et al. [26] and 77% of cases according to the study by Shaham Beg et al. [34].

Mutations of the AKT1 gene have been reported in 1.4 to 8% (mean ~ 4%) of infiltrating ductal carcinomas [22, 35]. The E17K mutation of the AKT1 gene is considered a potential diagnostic biomarker for breast cancer [36], which led us to search for this mutation in our study. However, no mutations were detected and this was supported by two large sequencing studies who also failed to find mutations in the Akt1 gene [37, 38].

The absence of mutations in Akt1 and PTEN genes does not necessarily means that there is not any other alterations in epigenetics that might cause problems in the protein. Therefore, PTEN and AKT expression and post-transcriptional status in TNBC patients may be explored.

The PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway is clearly a fundamental pathway involved in carcinogenesis (proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and neo-angiogenesis). The presence of multiple mediators in the PI3K signaling pathway means that there are several specific targets to achieve cell arrest and to limit the toxicity of therapies [39].

In recent years, several inhibitors have emerged and have been the subject of clinical trials. Use of PI3K pathway inhibitors as single-agent therapies has proved minimally effective in somediseases [40]. The complexity of the PI3K pathway with multiple feedback mechanisms explains some of the drug resistance. Combination drug therapies that simultaneously target these escape mechanisms will likely lead to the greatest clinical success [41]. The first drugs entering the clinical trials were the inhibitors of mTOR (Rapamycin) and its analogues [40].

TNBC is a heterogeneous subtype. Its complexity at the clinical and genetic levels illustrates that no single treatment approach will produce universal benefit in this disease.The PI3K/AKT pathway is highly activated and plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of TNBC and, therefore, may be a potential therapeutic target to improve outcomes in patients.