Mucin glycoprotein's are major components of mucus and are considered an important class of tumor associated antigens. The objective of this study was to investigate the expression of human MUC genes (MUC1, MUC2, MUC5B, MUC5AC and MUC8) in human endometrium and cervix, and to compare and quantitate the expression of MUC genes in normal and cancerous tissues.
Methods
Slot blot techniques were used to study the MUC gene expression and quantitation.
Results
Of the five-mucin genes studied, MUC1, MUC5B and MUC8 showed high expression levels in the normal and cancerous endometrial and cervical tissues, MUC2 and MUC5AC showed considerably lower expression. Statistically, higher levels of MUC1, MUC5B and MUC8 were observed in endometrial adenocarcinomas compared to normal tissues. In contrast, only MUC1 levels increased with no significant changes in expression of MUC5B and MUC8 in cervical tumors over normal cervical tissues.
Conclusion
Endometrial tumors showed increased expression of MUC1, MUC5B and MUC8 over normal tissues. Only MUC1 appears to be increase, in cervical tumors. All the studied tissues showed high and consistent expression of MUC8 mRNA. Low to neglible levels of MUC2 and MUC5AC were observed in all studied endometrial and cervical tissues.
Background
Mucins are high molecular weight glycoprotein components of mucus (> 250 kDa), which protect and lubricate the epithelial surfaces of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts in the body [1]. Mucins are heavily glycosylated (40–80%) and the oligosaccharides are attached through O-glycosidic linkages to the hydroxyl group of serine and threonine in the protein backbone [2, 3]. The striking feature of nearly all mucin genes isolated thus far is the presence of repeat sequences that are either tandem in nature as in the case of MUC1 [4] or slightly imperfect repeats as in the case of MUC8 [5]. In general, the repeats are found in the central portion of the protein backbone, which are flanked by unique regions. Mucins have been classified as either membrane-bound or secretory depending on the presence of a putative trans-membrane region.
Altered mucin secretions and/or MUC gene expression patterns have been implicated in several cancerous conditions, such as gastric carcinomas [6–10], colorectal carcinomas [11–13], breast cancers [14–16] esophageal carcinomas [17], pancreatic tumors [18–20] and lung adenocarcinomas [21–23]. Accordingly, studies have also been conducted to determine the expression of MUC genes in human reproductive tissues and to investigate their possible altered quantitative and/or qualitative expression in cancerous conditions. Serial analysis of gene expression of ovarian cell lines and tissues indicated that among other genes, MUC1 is up-regulated in cancerous conditions [24]. Another study also showed that the expression of MUC1 correlated with poor prognosis in ovarian carcinoma [25]. Normal endocervical epithelium was found to express MUC genes 1, 4, 5AC, 5B, and 6, with relatively weak expression of MUC2. Normal endocervical and vaginal epithelium expresses MUC genes 1 and 4 and endometrial epithelium expresses MUC1 and MUC6 [26, 27]. In an earlier report, we demonstrated the antigenic similarities between respiratory and reproductive tract mucins using a variety of mucin antibodies [28]. In another study, we reported the antigenic cross reactivity of human tracheal mucin with male and female reproductive tissues expressing MUC8 mRNA[29]. While these reports, in general, indicate the manifestation of a variety of MUC genes in reproductive tissues, information regarding mucin gene expression in corresponding tumor tissues is still lacking.
According to The American Cancer Society's Cancer Facts and Figures, it is estimated that there will be 12,200 new cases of invasive cervical cancer (uterine cervix) and 40,100 new cases of endometrial cancer (uterine corpus) that will be diagnosed this year. Hence, a better understanding of MUC gene expression patterns in female reproductive malignancies would help enhance prognosis and therapy. To contribute towards this purpose, we investigated the expression of five mucin genes (MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC5B and MUC8) in normal reproductive and cancerous tissues.
Methods
Human tissues
Normal and malignant endometrium and cervical tissues were obtained from Co-operative Human Tissue Network (CHTN, Birmingham, AL) and National Disease Research Interchange (NDRI, Philadelphia, PA). Malignant tissues with over 95 percent tumor content were selected for the study. The nomenclature adopted for the tissues was as follows: endometrial adenocarcinomas (EA), normal endometrium (EN), cervical carcinomas (CA), normal cervix (CX). These tissues were acquired on dry ice and kept frozen at -80°C until use. The classification of tumors was performed according to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) as indicated in Table 2.
Table 2
Tissue classification of endometrial (EA) and cervical (CA) carcinomas.
Tissue
Age
Grade
Differentiation
EA1
44
II
wd
EA2
47
II
md
EA3
50
I
wd
EA4
48
III
pd
EA5
38
III
pd
EA6
53
I-II
md
EA7
45
III
wd
EA8
54
I
md
EA9
58
II
md
EA10
44
III
md
EA11
36
I
wd
EA12
50
II
md
EA13
31
I
md
CA1
30
IB
md
CA2
35
IB
pd
CA3
48
IB
pd
CA4
39
IB
md
CA5
63
III
pd
CA6
46
II
wd
CA7
57
II
md
CA8
40
IIB
pd
CA9
33
I
md
CA10
42
I
pd
CA11
52
I-II
wd
CA12
31
II
pd
CA13
47
II
md
pd-poorly differentiated, md-moderately differentiated and wd-well differentiated
The normal tissues EN (mean age: 41, median age: 43) and CX (mean age: 43, median age: 44) used in the study were obtained by hysterectomy for benign gynecological disorders. The menstrual cycle of all the patients with normal tissues were in early to late proliferative phases, except for EN3, EN4, EN10, CX3, CX4 and CX13 were in late secretory phase. The provided pathology reports of both normal and tumor tissues indicated no inflammation or infections.
Total RNA isolation
Total RNA was extracted from frozen tissues using the TRIzol reagent (Life Technologies) according to manufacturer's protocol. Briefly, endometrial and cervical tissues were ground using a mortar and pestle under liquid nitrogen. The ground tissue was transferred to tubes containing appropriate amounts of TRIzol reagent and homogenized using a Brinkmann homogenizer. The mixture was allowed to set for 5–10 min followed by the addition of appropriate amount of chloroform. This mixture was shaken vigorously and centrifuged at 8,000 × g for 30 min. The aqueous layer was collected and the RNA precipitated using isopropanol. The RNA pellet was washed using 70% alcohol and dissolved in RNase free water. To determine the quality of extracted RNA, the dissolved samples were elecrophoresed on 1% formaldehyde-agarose gels to check the integrity of 18s and 28s bands. Samples with OD 260/280 greater than 1.50 were used in the study.
Slot blot analyses
Total RNA (10 μg) extracted from tissues was blotted directly onto nylon membranes using a Hoefer PR 648 slot blot manifold (Amersham Biosciences, San Francisco, CA). The membranes were pre-hybridized in 5× SSPE, 5× Denhardt's solution, 0.5% SDS, 50% formamide and 40 μg/ml salmon sperm DNA for 12 h at 42°C. The cDNA probes (MUC1, MUC2, MUC5B, MUC5AC, MUC8 and β-actin) were labeled by the random priming technique using DECAprime II kit (Ambion, Austin, TX). Hybridization of 32P-labeled cDNA probes was carried out at 42°C for 14–16 h. After hybridization, membranes were washed twice in 2× SSC and 0.1% SDS for 10 min. at room temperature, followed by two additional washes for 20 min at 65°C in 1× SSC and 0.1% SDS solution. The membranes were subsequently exposed to Kodak X-Omat AR films at -70°C. The films were scanned using a Personal SI Densitometer (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, CA). Following exposure, the membranes were stripped with 0.5% SDS and re-probed with β-actin. Densitrometric units were calculated for each sample after normalization of the readings with corresponding densitrometric readings obtained using β-actin cDNA probe. The hybridization experiments on total RNA from the tissues was performed in triplicate for statistical analyses.
Source of mucin cDNA probes
The cDNA probes used in the study were designed to exclude the VNTR regions of the studied MUC genes. This step was deemed essential to avoid the differences in the numbers of tandem repeats commonly associated with mucins among different individuals. The cDNA probes for MUC1 (~500 bp) was kindly provided by Dr. Sandra Gendler [30], MUC2 (~450 bp) was a kind gift from Dr. James Gum [31], MUC5AC (~800 bp) and MUC5B (~340 bp) were generated in the laboratory using specific primers to the published sequences. Earlier, MUC8 cDNA probe (1.4 kb) sequence has been reported from our laboratory [5]. This sequence was used in this study to develop a non-repeat 195 bp MUC8 cDNA probe. A 1.1 kb cDNA probe specific for β-actin was used for the analyses of housekeeping gene.
Reverse Transcription and Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)
Five micrograms of total RNA was reverse transcribed to cDNA by 200 units Superscript II reverse transcriptase (Life Technologies). The reaction mixture was then treated with 2U RNaseH at 37°C for 20 min and stored at -20°C. Twenty percent of the first strand cDNA was used for the PCR amplification. Primers and annealing temperatures used for RT-PCR are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1
Primers, annealing temperatures and accession numbers for MUC genes
Gene
Acc. #
Primers
A.temp
MUC5AC
AF015521
S-GTGGAACCACGATGACAGC
60°C
AS-TCAGCACATAGCTGCAGTCG
MUC5B
Y09788
S-TGCAATCAGCACTGTGACATTGAC
60°C
AS-TTCTCCAGGGTCCAGGTCTCATTC
MUC8
U14383
S-GTTCAGGTCTCCTGCCGG
57°C
AS-CGAGGCGCCATCATGGAC
Acc. # are obtained from GenBank provided by National Center for Biotechnology Information, Bethesda, MD.
Statistical analyses
The data obtained from slot blot analyses of MUC genes in both normal and tumor tissues were subjected to parametric statistical analysis using SAS software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Two tailed unequal variance student t test was used to establish statistical significance. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.
Results
Quantitation of mucin gene expression in endometrial tissues
As shown in Fig. 1MUC1 expression was significantly lower in the normal endometrium as compared to the endometrial adenocarcinomas (p = 0.001). Expression of MUC5B followed a similar pattern with higher expression observed in 8 out of 13 endometrial tumor tissues studied over normal tissues (Fig. 2). The differences in MUC5B levels between the cancerous and non-cancerous endometrial samples was significant (p = 0.006). On the other hand, expression of MUC8 was high in all endometrial tissues, with the expression in endometrial adenocarcinomas being significantly higher than the normal endometrium (p = 0.003) (Fig. 3). The box plot analyses showing the relationship between MUC gene expression in endometrial tumor and normal tissues are depicted in Fig. 7. No appreciable expression of MUC2 and MUC5AC in normal and tumor tissues was detected by slot blot analyses.
Figure 1
Slot blot analyses of total RNA from endometrial normal (EN) and tumors (EA) tissues using mucin MUC1 cDNA probe. Each graph is representative of three experimental replicates. Data normalized using β-actin as described in Methods.
Figure 2
Slot blot analyses of total RNA from endometrial normal (EN) and tumors (EA) tissues using mucin MUC5B cDNA probe. The data was normalized using β-actin as described in Methods section.
Figure 3
Slot blot analyses of total RNA from endometrial normal (EN) and tumors (EA) tissues using mucin MUC8 cDNA probe. The data was normalized using β-actin. Note: Larger scale used, indicative of higher expression of MUC8.
Figure 7
Box plots showing the relationship between MUC gene expression in endometrial tumors tissues (EA) and normal tissues (EN). (a) MUC1 (b) MUC5B (c) MUC8.
Quantitation of mucin gene expression in cervical tissues
Levels of expression of MUC1 in cervical carcinomas were significantly different from normal cervical tissue. (p = 0.002) (Fig. 4). While the expression of MUC5B, was higher than MUC1 in normal cervical tissues, no statistical significance was observed in MUC5B levels between normal and cancerous cervical tissues (p = 0.14) (Fig. 5). The expression MUC8 mRNA, were high in all cervical tissues with no statistical difference observed in expression between cancerous and non-cancerous tissues (p = 0.5). Also, box plots depicting MUC gene expression in cervical tumor and normal tissues are illustrated in Fig. 8.
Figure 4
Analyses of total RNA from cervical normal (CN) and tumors (CA) tissues using MUC1 cDNA probe. Data was normalized using β-actin cDNA probe.
Figure 5
Analyses of total RNA from cervical normal (CN) and tumors (CA) tissues using MUC5B cDNA probe. Data was normalized using β-actin as described in Methods section.
Figure 8
Box plots showing the relationship between MUC gene expression in cervical tumors tissues (CA) and normal tissues (CN). (a) MUC1 (b) MUC5B (c) MUC8.
Discussion
This study is primarily focused on the quantitating the expression of five mucin genes, namely, MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC5B and MUC8 in normal human endometrial and cervical tissues and respective tumors. Studies in tumors have suggested that mucins are aberrantly expressed in cancerous conditions. In the present investigation we observed that of the five MUC genes studied, MUC1, MUC5B and MUC8 were expressed at higher levels than MUC2 and MUC5AC in endometrial and cervical tissues. Similar studies by other investigators on endocervical tissues have revealed MUCs 1, 4, 5AC, 5B and 6 were expressed at high levels with very low expression of MUCs 2, 3 and 7 [26]. However, a follow-up study to this work quantifying the expression of these MUC genes in normal endocervical epithelium revealed that MUC4 and MUC5B were predominantly expressed as compared to MUC6 and MUC5AC [32]. While acknowledging the variations in the analyzed tissue types, it appears that expression patterns of MUC2 and MUC5AC genes in this study are broadly confirmatory with earlier reports.
Human endometrial epithelium undergoes progesterone-modulated differentiation during menstrual cycle [33, 34]. The qualitative and quantitative changes in the secretion of the endometrium are associated with the proliferation of glandular epithelium with increased golgi and secretory apparatus [35]. Accordingly, mucin secretions and MUC gene expression of the female reproductive tissues are dependant on the stage of the menstrual cycle[36]. Earlier studies have shown that MUC1 expression in endometrial tissues is at the highest in early to mid secretory phases [37]. To minimize the ambiguity of elevated MUC gene expression due to menstrual cycle, the tissues studied in the present investigation are from patients in either proliferative or late secretory phases. Mucin gene regulation and expression has been associated with the effects of immune cell derived inflammatory mediators [38] and bacterial endotoxins [39] on the secretory epithelium in various chronic diseases states of human body. However, in this study the pathology reports of the obtained tissues indicate no inflammation or infection thus minimizing the effect of these mediators on overall results of this study.
MUC1, a trans-membrane mucin, has been studied extensively in the female reproductive tract and is expressed in the endometrium. It plays an important role during implantation and maintenance of the embryo [40, 41]. Our studies revealed high MUC1 levels in endometrial adenocarcinomas and cervical carcinomas when compared to the normal endometrial and cervical tissues. These results are in accord with studies where MUC1 up-regulation was reported in variety of carcinomas including pancreas[42], breast[43], stomach[44], colon rectum [45] and lung [46].
In addition, to altered gene regulation patterns in cancerous conditions, it is reported that alterations may exist in the carbohydrate structures attached to the protein backbone or in the protein backbone itself. In MUC1, alteration in glycosylation patterns leads to tumor-specific peptide epitopes that are exposed in cancerous cells [47]. In breast cancer tissue, an alternatively spliced form of MUC1, which is completely devoid of repeats was observed [14]. This variant of MUC1 was not expressed in adjacent normal breast tissue. Such studies and others indicate the importance of mucins as tumor markers for diagnostic as well as for therapeutic purposes. For example, in ovarian cancers the CA125 antigen is routinely used to monitor the progress of patients. Recently, investigators found that the CA125 antigen does indeed belong to the mucin family of genes and its core was identified and designated as MUC16 [48].
Our laboratory has previously reported a novel mucin gene MUC8 from human normal tracheal tissue [5] and here we have studied the expression of MUC8 in human normal as well as cancerous endometrial and cervical tissues. Our earlier studies demonstrated that MUC8 is expressed in the male and female reproductive tract [29]. The present work has led us to believe that MUC8 is a major mucin expressed in the female reproductive tract. Levels of MUC8 are significantly higher in the endometrial adenocarcinomas as compared to the normal endometrium. Although the expression of MUC8 was very high in the cervical tissues, no difference in expression was observed among the cancerous and non-cancerous tissues. In the context of MUC gene expression, this is the first study reporting differential expression of MUC8 and MUC5B in cervical and endometrial tissues.
One significant conclusion that can be drawn from this study is that mucin genes, MUC1, MUC5B and MUC8 are all up-regulated in endometrial adenocarcinomas. Furthermore, MUC2 and MUC5AC were found to be expressed at extremely low levels in the endometrial and cervical tissues studied. In conclusion, this study provides significant information on mucin genes in the female reproductive tract and attempts to understand if there are disease-related changes that mucin genes may undergo in endometrial and cervical carcinomas.
Notes
Declarations
Acknowledgements
This work was supported, in part by NIH grant HL34012. All authors contributed equally towards this work. The authors thank Dr. Donald Harrison, College of Pharmacy, OUHSC, for his help in statistical analysis of the data.
Authors’ Affiliations
(1)
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
(2)
Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
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