Skip to main content
Download PDF

The effect of different dosing regimens of motesanib on the gallbladder: a randomized phase 1b study in patients with advanced solid tumors

BMC Cancer volume 13, Article number: 242 (2013) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Gallbladder toxicity, including cholecystitis, has been reported with motesanib, an orally administered small-molecule antagonist of VEGFRs 1, 2 and 3; PDGFR; and Kit. We assessed effects of motesanib on gallbladder size and function.

Methods

Patients with advanced metastatic solid tumors ineligible for or progressing on standard-of-care therapies with no history of cholecystitis or biliary disease were randomized 2:1:1 to receive motesanib 125 mg once daily (Arm A); 75 mg twice daily (BID), 14-days-on/7-days-off (Arm B); or 75 mg BID, 5-days-on/2-days-off (Arm C). Primary endpoints were mean change from baseline in gallbladder size (volume by ultrasound; independent review) and function (ejection fraction by CCK-HIDA; investigator assessment).

Results

Forty-nine patients received ≥1 dose of motesanib (Arms A/B/C, n = 25/12/12). Across all patients, gallbladder volume increased by a mean 22.2 cc (from 38.6 cc at baseline) and ejection fraction decreased by a mean 19.2% (from 61.3% at baseline) during treatment. Changes were similar across arms and appeared reversible after treatment discontinuation. Three patients had cholecystitis (grades 1, 2, 3, n = 1 each) that resolved after treatment discontinuation, one patient developed grade 3 acute cholecystitis requiring cholecystectomy, and two patients had other notable grade 1 gallbladder disorders (gallbladder wall thickening, gallbladder dysfunction) (all in Arm A). Two patients developed de novo gallstones during treatment. Twelve patients had right upper quadrant pain (Arms A/B/C, n = 8/1/3). The incidence of biliary “sludge” in Arms A/B/C was 39%/36%/27%.

Conclusions

Motesanib treatment was associated with increased gallbladder volume, decreased ejection fraction, biliary sludge, gallstone formation, and infrequent cholecystitis.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00448786

Peer Review reports

Background

A key goal of early-phase studies of investigational cancer therapeutics is an assessment of the treatment’s toxicity [1]. However, such studies may be poorly powered to assess the incidence of uncommon adverse events (AEs) [2], which may be complicated further by inconsistent reporting practices [3, 4]. Because infrequent AEs may be inadequately characterized or overlooked in early-phase studies, their relationship to treatment dose and/or schedule can remain undetermined.

Cholecystitis [5–10] and other gallbladder toxicities (including biliary colic, cholelithiasis, gallbladder enlargement, and gallbladder wall thickening/edema [7, 8, 11, 12]) have been reported in clinical trials investigating motesanib, an orally administered small-molecule antagonist of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) 1, 2, and 3; platelet-derived growth factor (PDGFR); and Kit for the treatment of advanced solid tumors. Conversely, cholecystitis was not reported as an AE in other studies of motesanib as monotherapy [12, 13] or combined with cytotoxic chemotherapy [14] or other agents [11, 15, 16]. However, it is unknown how many patients who received motesanib in these studies had undetected or underreported gallbladder toxicity, particularly given that abdominal pain was a frequently reported AE [5–8]. Thus, the proportion of patients with changes in gallbladder size and/or function is potentially greater than the incidence of gallbladder AEs. The etiology of gallbladder toxicity associated with motesanib treatment is uncertain, but it is interesting to note that cholecystitis has been reported among patients treated with other inhibitors of tyrosine kinases [17–26].

The previous clinical studies of motesanib suggested that a dosing regimen of 75 mg twice daily continuously may be associated with an increased risk of gallbladder toxicities. Therefore, to investigate more thoroughly the occurrence of gallbladder toxicity associated with motesanib treatment, we designed a randomized phase 1b study with three alternative motesanib dosing regimens to directly assess the effects of motesanib on both the size and function of the gallbladder using ultrasound and hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid scan using cholecystokinin (CCK-HIDA), respectively.

Methods

Eligibility

Patients (≥18 years) had histologically confirmed advanced metastatic solid tumors; measurable or nonmeasurable disease per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) [27] version 1.0; an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≤2; an in situ gallbladder at screening ultrasound; adequate cardiac, renal, hepatic, and hematologic function; and were ineligible to receive or had progressed on standard-of-care therapies. Key exclusion criteria were history of cholecystitis, prior biliary procedure, or prior or ongoing biliary disease; uncontrolled central nervous system metastases; uncontrolled hypertension (>150/90 mmHg); peripheral neuropathy grade >1; arterial/venous thrombosis within 1 year and bleeding diathesis or bleeding within 14 days and major or minor surgery within 28 days or 7 days, respectively, of randomization; radiation therapy within 14 days; active dosing with anticoagulation therapy (except prophylactic low-dose warfarin; heparin or heparin flushes); or prior treatment with small-molecule VEGFR inhibitors. Prior treatment with bevacizumab was permitted if the last dose was administered ≥42 days from randomization. Patients provided written informed consent. Study procedures were approved by an institutional review board at each site.

Study design and treatment

In this open-label phase 1b study (11 sites in the United States and Australia), patients were randomized 2:1:1 to receive (in 21-day cycles) motesanib orally as follows: 125 mg once daily (QD; Arm A), 75 mg twice daily (BID) for 2 weeks followed by a 1-week treatment-free period (Arm B), or 75 mg BID for 5 days followed by a 2-day treatment-free period (Arm C). It was hypothesized that the treatment-free periods would prevent chronic inhibition of the VEGF axis, thus limiting adverse events that may otherwise be associated with continuous dosing. In each arm, up to eight additional patients (nonrandomly assigned) could be treated depending on the degree of variability in the primary endpoint measurements. Treatment continued until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Motesanib doses could be reduced (in 25-mg decrements) or withheld to manage toxicity; treatment could be resumed at the lower dose once toxicity had resolved (dose re-escalation was not permitted). Treatment was discontinued in patients requiring >2 dose reductions. Hypertension, thrombosis, gallbladder toxicity, and proteinuria were managed using protocol-specific guidelines.

The primary endpoints were mean change from baseline in gallbladder size (volume by ultrasound) and function (ejection fraction by CCK-HIDA). Secondary endpoints included mean change from baseline in gallbladder size (volume) by computed tomography (CT) scan, maximum change from baseline in gallbladder size (volume) and function (ejection fraction), changes in gallbladder dimensions other than volume (by ultrasound), assessment of gallbladder filling (by CCK-HIDA), change in gallbladder size and function between the last on-treatment and the last available off-treatment measurement, objective response, pharmacokinetics of motesanib, and incidence of treatment-emergent AEs.

Assessment of gallbladder size and function

Gallbladder volume was assessed by ultrasound after a ≥8 hours fast at screening (within 21 days prior to randomization) and before the motesanib morning dose on days 8 and 15 of cycle 1, on day 1 of cycles 2 and 3, every 6 weeks thereafter, and at the safety follow-up (30 to 33 days after the last dose). Ultrasound was performed weekly when motesanib was withheld and weekly for 4 weeks following treatment discontinuation. Gallbladder ultrasound measurements were assessed by independent central radiologic review (MedQIA, Los Angeles, CA, USA). Gallbladder ejection fraction was assessed by investigators or other study site personnel using CCK-HIDA at screening (within 21 days of randomization), on day 1 of cycle 2, day 1 of cycle 6 (±3 days), and at the safety follow-up. Study-specific training and standard operating procedures were supplied to all radiology technicians.

Tumor assessments

Tumor response per RECIST [27] was assessed by the investigators. Magnetic resonance imaging or CT scans were performed at screening, every 6 weeks thereafter, and at the safety follow-up. Complete or partial responses were confirmed >28 days after the initial response assessment throughout the study. Patients who discontinued without a postbaseline tumor assessment or confirmation were considered nonresponders.

Adverse events

AEs occurring during treatment and through the safety follow-up were recorded and graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 3.0).

Pharmacokinetic analysis

Blood samples were collected as follows: predose and at 30 minutes and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 hours postdose on day 1 of weeks 1 and 4, and predose and 1 to 2 hours postdose at weeks 2, 3, and 7 and every 3 weeks thereafter. Noncompartmental analysis was performed on individual plasma motesanib concentrations from week 1 (day 1 of cycle 1) and week 4 (day 1 of cycle 2) using validated WinNonlin Enterprise software (Version 5.1.1, Pharsight Corporation, Mountain View, CA, USA) to estimate the maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax), the observed minimum (trough) plasma concentration at 24 hours postdose (Cmin), and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC). Motesanib concentrations were assessed as described previously [14].

Statistical analysis

The sample size was 48 patients. Assuming a standard deviation of 110cc and a one-sided 95% confidence interval (CI), a sample size of 24 patients for Arm A and 12 patients each for Arms B and C would allow for an estimate of the overall average change from baseline in gallbladder volume to within ±37cc and ±52cc, respectively. Patients were randomized 2:1:1.

The ultrasound and CCK-HIDA gallbladder analysis sets, which included all randomized patients who received ≥1 dose of motesanib and had baseline and ≥1 evaluable follow-up ultrasound or CCK-HIDA, respectively, were used for the principal analysis of endpoints related to gallbladder size and characteristics. For each dosing scheme, estimates for the mean and maximum change from baseline in gallbladder size (volume as measured by ultrasound) and function (ejection fraction as measured by CCK-HIDA scan) were calculated. Mean change from baseline was calculated by taking the difference between the baseline gallbladder measurement and the average gallbladder measurement observed during study treatment. The mean (95% CI) difference was then calculated across all patients for each treatment arm, and for the whole study population. Maximum change from baseline in gallbladder size or volume was calculated by taking the difference between the baseline gallbladder measurement and the maximum gallbladder measurement observed during study treatment. The mean (95% CI) maximum change from baseline was then calculated across all patients for each treatment arm, and for the whole study population. Reversibility of changes in gallbladder volume and ejection fraction were evaluated calculating changes between the last on-treatment measurement and the last available measurement following the discontinuation of motesanib. Covariates (treatment, age, sex, body mass index, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug [NSAID] use) were explored in a linear regression model for potential relationships with gallbladder volume. Objective response was assessed for the safety analysis set, including only patients with measureable disease at baseline.

Results

Patients

Between March 20, 2007, and December 12, 2008, 48 patients were randomized to treatment with motesanib at three different doses: Arm A (125 mg QD), n = 24; Arm B (75 mg BID 2 weeks on/1 week off), n = 12; Arm C (75 mg BID 5 days on/2 days off), n = 12 (Figure 1). As permitted per protocol, one additional patient was nonrandomly assigned to Arm A for a total enrollment of 49 patients; all received ≥1 dose of motesanib. Thyroid cancer was the most common tumor type (Table 1). Demographics and baseline characteristics were generally balanced among the treatment arms, although fewer patients received prior therapies in Arm A than in Arms B and C (Table 1). The ultrasound gallbladder analysis set included 92% of patients; the CCK-HIDA gallbladder analysis set included 84% of patients. One patient (Arm A) with mesothelioma had a cholecystectomy during the study (see Adverse Events) but had baseline and evaluable postbaseline assessments and was therefore included in both gallbladder analysis sets. All patients discontinued treatment (Figure 1). Twenty patients (80%) in Arm A, 8 (67%) in Arm B, and 8 (67%) in Arm C completed the safety follow-up. Reasons for not completing the safety follow-up were disease progression (Arms A and C, n = 1 each), death (Arm A, n = 2; both due to disease progression), AE (Arm C, n = 1), and withdrawn consent (Arm B, n = 1). Median follow-up times in Arms A, B, and C were 17 (range, 6–57), 18 (1–58), and 22 (5–60) weeks, respectively.

Figure 1
figure1

Disposition of patients in the study. *One patient was nonrandomly assigned to Arm A and received treatment with motesanib 125 mg QD. †Total shown does not reflect 2 additional patients who discontinued motesanib for other reasons but later were granted a waiver to continue in a rollover study.

Full size image
Table 1 Patient demographics and baseline characteristics
Full size table

Effects of motesanib dose on gallbladder size and function

Baseline gallbladder volume and ejection fraction were similar across arms (Table 2). Across all patients, gallbladder volume increased by a mean 22.2 cc (median, 17.3 cc; range, −43.3 to 83.2 cc) from 38.6 cc at baseline during motesanib treatment. Gallbladder volume increased from baseline in all dosing cohorts, starting before the end of the first 21-day motesanib treatment cycle (Table 2; Figure 2A, B, C).

Table 2 Gallbladder Volume (per Independent Review) and Ejection Fraction (per Investigator)
Full size table
Figure 2
figure2

Change in gallbladder size and function. Mean (dots connected by lines) and median (25th and 75th quartiles; solid horizontal lines) gallbladder size (A, B, C) and function (D, E, F) over time per independent review in Arms A, B, and C, respectively. Error bars represent the minimum and maximum values. SFUP, safety follow-up.

Full size image

Motesanib treatment also affected gallbladder function. Across all patients, ejection fraction decreased by a mean 19.2% (median, −18.0%; range, −81% to 67%) from 61.3% at baseline during the study. Gallbladder ejection fraction during treatment was generally lower than baseline measurements (Table 2; Figure 2D, E, F).

Changes in gallbladder volume and function appeared to be at least partially reversible. Among 45 patients in the gallbladder volume analysis set, 33 had an evaluable ultrasound after motesanib discontinuation. In each arm, mean changes from last on-treatment to last available off-treatment measurement indicated a decrease in gallbladder volume (Table 2). Similarly, among the 41 patients in the gallbladder ejection fraction analysis set who had an evaluable CCK-HIDA after motesanib discontinuation (n = 10), gallbladder mean ejection fraction increased between these two time points (Table 2).

To adjust for potential confounding factors, linear regression analyses were performed. The results were consistent with the data from the preplanned analysis, showing a trend toward decreasing gallbladder volume and increasing gallbladder ejection fraction over time (data not shown).

Treatment, age, sex, body mass index, and NSAID use were examined in a linear regression model as potential covariates for gallbladder volume. Of those, only NSAID use was positively associated with increased gallbladder volume as assessed by ultrasound (P = .0133); the other covariates were not significantly associated with gallbladder volume. Exploratory analyses did not show an association between pharmacokinetic exposure to motesanib and gallbladder volume (data not shown). Covariate analyses and exploratory pharmacokinetic exposure analyses for gallbladder ejection fraction could not be performed because of insufficient ejection fraction data.

Changes in other gallbladder characteristics

Some patients in Arms A and B developed gallstones and/or pericholecystic fluid while receiving motesanib (Table 3), including two patients who developed de novo gallstones; however, two patients with gallstones at baseline did not have gallstones at subsequent examinations. Sludge occurred in all three treatment arms at relatively high incidence rates (Arms A/B/C, 39%/36%/27%).

Table 3 Specific gallbladder findings (per Independent Ultrasound Review)
Full size table

Adverse events

Adverse events considered related to treatment with motesanib by investigators were generally consistent in frequency and severity with what has been reported in previous motesanib studies [5, 7–9, 12, 14, 15]. Incidence of grade ≥3 treatment-related AEs in Arms A, B, and C was 32%, 42%, and 33%, respectively. Two patients had grade 4 AEs (one each in Arms B and C). Two deaths occurred during the study; both were caused by disease progression.

Gallbladder toxicity events (all considered treatment-related) occurred only in Arm A (n = 6, 12%). Three patients had cholecystitis that resolved after motesanib treatment was permanently discontinued. One event was of grade 1 and resolved within 1 week while motesanib was withheld. One event was of grade 2 and occurred approximately 1 month after the last motesanib dose; it resolved 2 months later. A 70-year-old white man with metastatic non–small-cell lung cancer developed grade 3 cholecystitis that was managed without surgery. Symptoms appeared approximately 3 weeks after initiation of motesanib, with ultrasound showing gallbladder distension and the presence of sludge. CCK-HIDA revealed a patent cystic duct and gallbladder dyskinesia. The patient discontinued motesanib and was treated with oxycodone and paracetamol. Three weeks later, CCK-HIDA measurements were normal and the symptoms had resolved. One patient, a 56-year-old white man with stage IV mesothelioma, had serious grade 3 acute cholecystitis resulting in cholecystectomy. The event occurred approximately 1 month after treatment initiation. At the time of hospitalization, the patient had a 24-hour history of right upper quadrant pain; Murphy’s sign was positive on abdominal examination. Motesanib was withheld, and ultrasound revealed gallbladder distension, wall thickening (4.4 cm), intramural edema, mural hypervascularity, trace of pericholecystic fluid, and no biliary tract dilation. Cholecystectomy was performed 8 days after cessation of motesanib, and the patient resumed motesanib treatment 11 days later. At the safety follow-up, two patients had ongoing grade 1 gallbladder disorders, specifically gallbladder dysfunction and gallbladder wall thickening, with the latter prompting a dose reduction. Twelve patients had right upper quadrant pain during the study (Arms A/B/C, n = 8/1/3); these events occurred at variable times after initiation of motesanib. However, the available data do not help distinguish between pain due to gallbladder toxicity versus other etiologies, such as liver metastases.

Objective response

Most patients had measureable disease at baseline (Arm A, n = 24 [96%]; Arm B, n = 12 [100%]; Arm C, n = 11 [92%]). No complete responses were achieved, but one patient with stage IV thyroid cancer in Arm B had a confirmed partial response (overall objective response rate, 2%). Twenty-eight patients (60%) had stable disease as best tumor response (Arm A, n = 15 [63%]; Arm B, n = 6 [50%]; Arm C, n = 7 [64%]), with durable (≥24 weeks) stable disease in 8 (17%) patients (Arm A, n = 6 [25%]; Arm B, n = 1 [8%]; Arm C, n = 1 [9%]). Fifteen patients (32%) had progressive disease (Arm A, n = 8 [33%]; Arm B, n = 3 [25%]; Arm C, n = 4 [36%]).

Pharmacokinetics

Motesanib was rapidly absorbed, and there was no evidence of drug accumulation after QD administration. The median Cmax values in Arms A, B, and C were 630, 323, and 355 ng/mL, respectively; the median Cmin values were 14, 60, and 35 ng/mL, respectively. In Arm B, the median motesanib concentration after the 1-week wash-out period was <0.2 ng/mL (the limit of quantitation); in Arm C, the median motesanib concentration after the 2-day wash-out period was 1.2 ng/mL. The median AUC values estimated from the three dosing regimens appeared similar, ranging from 1.9 to 3.0 μg·hr/mL.

An exploratory analysis investigated the potential relationship between drug exposure (Cmax, Cmin, and AUC) and change in gallbladder size. The results showed no consistent trend between gallbladder size and motesanib exposure.

Discussion

In this randomized phase 1b study designed to assess gallbladder-related toxicity among patients receiving three motesanib dose schedules, increased gallbladder volume, decreased gallbladder function, and other gallbladder changes, including development of gallstones and sludge, were common. Changes in gallbladder volume were observed as early as in the first cycle of motesanib treatment. Symptomatic gallbladder toxicity occurred in six patients, one of whom had acute cholecystitis requiring a cholecystectomy. Other toxicities were generally consistent with those reported in previous motesanib studies and for the class of VEGF pathway inhibitors. While increases in gallbladder volume and decreases in gallbladder function did not appear to be dose- or schedule-dependent, gallbladder toxicity occurred only in Arm A (motesanib 125 mg QD).

Gallbladder toxicity, at varying incidence rates, has been described in most motesanib studies [5, 7, 8, 10, 28]; however, considering the findings summarized herein, gallbladder-associated AEs may have been underdetected. This may particularly apply to earlier-conducted studies that reported no [12–16] or low [5, 9, 28] incidence rates of cholecystitis (but no other gallbladder toxicity) and to patients who presented only with right upper quadrant pain along with other possible reasons for pain, including liver metastases. For example, Sawaki and colleagues described the incidental discovery by ultrasound of extended gallbladder or wall thickening in three patients [12]. Given that many VEGF pathway inhibitors block the same or similar targets as motesanib (Table 4), and because of the incidence of abdominal pain with tyrosine kinase inhibitors [17–26, 29–37], changes in gallbladder size and function not manifested as symptomatic toxicity may occur more frequently during treatment with these agents than generally believed. The results of our study should encourage investigators to more closely examine potentially gallbladder-related symptoms in studies of VEGF pathway inhibitors and among patients treated outside of clinical trials.

Table 4 Gallbladder-related toxicity and potential gallbladder-related toxicity reported with tyrosine kinase inhibitors other than motesanib
Full size table

The biologic mechanisms that underlie the gallbladder changes associated with motesanib treatment are not yet elucidated. The toxicity may be related to antiangiogenic activity of motesanib in the gallbladder which could be exacerbated by accumulated motesanib, considering the drug’s biliary excretion pattern (Amgen Inc., data on file). Accumulation of motesanib within the gallbladder following the excretion (and reactivation) of its major metabolite, motesanib glucuronic acid [38], in the relatively high pH of the bile may result in irritation to the gallbladder or possibly even transient ischemia with subsequent sludge accumulation, transient obstruction, pain, and ultimately, cholecystitis or cholecystitis-like symptoms. One potential solution may be to avoid conditions that are known to reduce gallbladder emptying such as fasting and low-fat diets. Consideration should also be given to the possibility that gallbladder toxicity is an on-target effect of inhibition of one or more of the molecular targets of tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

The design of this study may be appropriate for investigating gallbladder toxicity with other investigational agents, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The measured changes from baseline in gallbladder volume and ejection appeared to be both robust and greater than anticipated inter- or intrapatient variance. In Arms A and B, the 95% Cl for the mean and maximum changes from baseline did not encompass zero, and the observed changes were consistent with differences between patients with gallbladder disease and healthy control participants reported in previous studies [39, 40]. Thus, the results demonstrate that, when coupled with rigorous quality control/assurance procedures and training, routine diagnostic techniques (eg, ultrasound, CT, and CCK-HIDA [41]) can be used to evaluate the incidence and timing of gallbladder toxicity assessed as changes in volume, ejection fraction, and filling, and to identify other abnormalities, such as gallstones and pericholecystic fluid. Better characterization of these risks is important because of the potential seriousness of gallbladder toxicity. More broadly, targeted assessments of specific AEs may help characterize the toxicity of investigational cancer therapeutics. The study was limited by the lack of a placebo arm, and the small sample size potentially restricted AE and other assessments.

Conclusions

In conclusion, motesanib monotherapy was associated with increased gallbladder volume and decreased ejection fraction in most patients, regardless of dosing regimen and exposure, which appeared to be at least partially reversible. Motesanib had a toxicity profile consistent with previous studies. The etiology of gallbladder toxicity during motesanib treatment remains uncertain.

References

  1. 1.

    O'Shaughnessy JA, Wittes RE, Burke G, Friedman MA, Johnson JR, Niederhuber JE, Rothenberg ML, Woodcock J, Chabner BA, Temple R: Commentary concerning demonstration of safety and efficacy of investigational anticancer agents in clinical trials. J Clin Oncol. 1991, 9 (12): 2225-2232.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. 2.

    Tsang R, Colley L, Lynd LD: Inadequate statistical power to detect clinically significant differences in adverse event rates in randomized controlled trials. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009, 62 (6): 609-616. 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.08.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. 3.

    Pitrou I, Boutron I, Ahmad N, Ravaud P: Reporting of safety results in published reports of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2009, 169 (19): 1756-1761.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. 4.

    Ioannidis JP: Adverse events in randomized trials: neglected, restricted, distorted, and silenced. Arch Intern Med. 2009, 169 (19): 1737-1739.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. 5.

    Rosen LS, Kurzrock R, Mulay M, Van Vugt A, Purdom M, Ng C, Silverman J, Koutsoukos A, Sun YN, Bass MB, Xu RY, Polverino A, Wiezorek JS, Chang DD, Benjamin R, Herbst RS: Safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of AMG 706, an oral multikinase inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid tumors. J Clin Oncol. 2007, 25 (17): 2369-2376. 10.1200/JCO.2006.07.8170.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. 6.

    Benjamin RS, Schoffski P, Hartmann JT, Van Oosterom A, Bui BN, Duyster J, Schuetze S, Blay JY, Reichardt P, Rosen LS, Skubitz K, McCoy S, Sun YN, Stepan DE, Baker L: Efficacy and safety of motesanib, an oral inhibitor of VEGF, PDGF, and Kit receptors, in patients with imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2011, 68 (1): 69-77. 10.1007/s00280-010-1431-9.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. 7.

    Sherman SI, Wirth LJ, Droz JP, Hofmann M, Bastholt L, Martins RG, Licitra L, Eschenberg MJ, Sun YN, Juan T, Stepan DE, Schlumberger MJ: Motesanib diphosphate in progressive differentiated thyroid cancer. N Engl J Med. 2008, 359 (1): 31-42. 10.1056/NEJMoa075853.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. 8.

    Schlumberger MJ, Elisei R, Bastholt L, Wirth LJ, Martins RG, Locati LD, Jarzab B, Pacini F, Daumerie C, Droz JP, Eschenberg MJ, Sun YN, Juan T, Stepan DE, Sherman SI: Phase II study of safety and efficacy of motesanib in patients with progressive or symptomatic, advanced or metastatic medullary thyroid cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009, 27 (23): 3794-3801. 10.1200/JCO.2008.18.7815.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. 9.

    Blumenschein GR, Reckamp K, Stephenson GJ, O'Rourke T, Gladish G, McGreivy J, Sun YN, Ye Y, Parson M, Sandler A: Phase 1b study of motesanib, an oral angiogenesis inhibitor, in combination with carboplatin/paclitaxel and/or panitumumab for the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2010, 16 (1): 279-290. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-1675.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. 10.

    Blumenschein GR, Kabbinavar F, Menon H, Mok TS, Stephenson J, Beck JT, Lakshmaiah K, Reckamp K, Hei YJ, Kracht K, Sun YN, Sikorski R, Schwartzberg L, on behalf of the Motesanib NPIISI: A phase II, multicenter, open-label randomized study of motesanib or bevacizumab in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin for advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol. 2011, 22 (9): 2057-2067. 10.1093/annonc/mdq731.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. 11.

    Rosen PJ, Sweeney CJ, Park DJ, Beaupre DM, Deng H, Leitch IM, Shubhakar P, Zhu M, Oliner KS, Anderson A, Yee LK: A phase Ib study of AMG 102 in combination with bevacizumab or motesanib in patients with advanced solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 2010, 16 (9): 2677-2687. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-2862.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. 12.

    Sawaki A, Yamada Y, Komatsu Y, Kanda T, Doi T, Koseki M, Baba H, Sun YN, Murakami K, Nishida T: Phase II study of motesanib in Japanese patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors with prior exposure to imatinib mesylate. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2010, 65 (5): 961-967. 10.1007/s00280-009-1103-9.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. 13.

    Fujisaka Y, Yamada Y, Yamamoto N, Shimizu T, Fujiwara Y, Yamada K, Tamura T, Watanabe H, Sun YN, Bass MB, Seki M: Phase 1 study of the investigational, oral angiogenesis inhibitor motesanib in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2010, 66 (5): 935-943. 10.1007/s00280-010-1243-y.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. 14.

    Price TJ, Lipton L, McGreivy J, McCoy S, Sun YN, Rosenthal MA: Safety and pharmacokinetics of motesanib in combination with gemcitabine for the treatment of patients with solid tumours. Br J Cancer. 2008, 99 (9): 1387-1394. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604723.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. 15.

    LoRusso P, Heath EI, McGreivy J, Sun YN, Melara R, Yan L, Malburg L, Ingram M, Wiezorek J, Chen L, Pilat MJ: Effect of coadministration of ketoconazole, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, on pharmacokinetics and tolerability of motesanib diphosphate (AMG 706) in patients with advanced solid tumors. Invest New Drugs. 2008, 26 (5): 455-462. 10.1007/s10637-008-9144-1.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. 16.

    Burris H, Stephenson J, Otterson GA, Stein M, McGreivy J, Sun YN, Ingram M, Ye Y, Schwartzberg LS: Safety and pharmacokinetics of motesanib in combination with panitumumab and gemcitabine-Cisplatin in patients with advanced cancer. J Oncol. 2011, 2011: 853931-

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. 17.

    Motzer RJ, Rini BI, Bukowski RM, Curti BD, George DJ, Hudes GR, Redman BG, Margolin KA, Merchan JR, Wilding G, Ginsberg MS, Bacik J, Kim ST, Baum CM, Michaelson MD: Sunitinib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. JAMA. 2006, 295 (21): 2516-2524. 10.1001/jama.295.21.2516.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. 18.

    de Lima Lopes G, Rocha Lima CM: Emphysematous cholecystitis in a patient with gastrointestinal stromal tumor treated with sunitinib. Pharmacotherapy. 2007, 27 (5): 775-777. 10.1592/phco.27.5.775.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. 19.

    Gomez-Abuin G, Karam AA, Mezzadri NA, Bas CA: Acalculous cholecystitis in a patient with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with sunitinib. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2009, 7 (1): 62-63. 10.3816/CGC.2009.n.011.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. 20.

    Sanda M, Tamai H, Deguchi H, Mori Y, Moribata K, Shingaki N, Ueda K, Inoue I, Maekita T, Iguchi M, Yanaoka K, Oka M, Ichinose M: Acalculous cholecystitis in a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma on sorafenib. ISRN Gastroenterol. 2011, 2011: 201529-

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. 21.

    Laurie SA, Gauthier I, Arnold A, Shepherd FA, Ellis PM, Chen E, Goss G, Powers J, Walsh W, Tu D, Robertson J, Puchalski TA, Seymour L: Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of daily oral AZD2171, an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor tyrosine kinases, in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: the National Cancer Institute of Canada clinical trials group. J Clin Oncol. 2008, 26 (11): 1871-1878. 10.1200/JCO.2007.14.4741.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. 22.

    Batchelor TT, Duda DG, di Tomaso E, Ancukiewicz M, Plotkin SR, Gerstner E, Eichler AF, Drappatz J, Hochberg FH, Benner T, Louis DN, Cohen KS, Chea H, Exarhopoulos A, Loeffler JS, Moses MA, Ivy P, Sorensen AG, Wen PY, Jain RK: Phase II study of cediranib, an oral pan-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. J Clin Oncol. 2010, 28 (17): 2817-2823. 10.1200/JCO.2009.26.3988.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. 23.

    Yeh CN, Chen TW, Liu FY, Jan YY, Chen MF: Genetic changes in advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) patients during imatinib mesylate treatment. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2006, 391 (6): 615-621. 10.1007/s00423-006-0103-z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. 24.

    Grant S, Karp JE, Koc ON, Cooper B, Luger S, Figg WD, Egorin M, Druker BJ, Jacobberger JW, Ramakrishnan V, Perkins EB, Colevas AD, Roberts JD: Phase I study of flavopiridol in combination with imatinib mesylate (ST1571, Gleevec) in Bcr/Abl + hematological malignancies [abstract]. Blood. 2005, 106: 1102-

    Google Scholar 

  25. 25.

    Nexavar® (sorafenib) Full Prescribing Information. Edited by: Wayne NJ. 2011, Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals, Inc, http://berlex.bayerhealthcare.com/html/products/pi/Nexavar_PI.pdf]

    Google Scholar 

  26. 26.

    European Medicines Agency: Nexavar European Public Assessment Report, Summary of Product Characteristics. 2011, London, UK: European Medicines Agency, [http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/000690/WC500027704.pdf]

    Google Scholar 

  27. 27.

    Therasse P, Arbuck SG, Eisenhauer EA, Wanders J, Kaplan RS, Rubinstein L, Verweij J, Van Glabbeke M, van Oosterom AT, Christian MC, Gwyther SG: New guidelines to evaluate the response to treatment in solid tumors. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, National Cancer Institute of the United States, National Cancer Institute of Canada. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000, 92 (3): 205-216. 10.1093/jnci/92.3.205.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. 28.

    Kotasek D, Tebbutt N, Desai J, Welch S, Siu LL, McCoy S, Sun YN, Johnson J, Adewoye AH, Price T: Safety and pharmacokinetics of motesanib in combination with gemcitabine and erlotinib for the treatment of solid tumors: a phase 1b study. BMC Cancer. 2011, 11: 313-10.1186/1471-2407-11-313.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. 29.

    Burstein HJ, Elias AD, Rugo HS, Cobleigh MA, Wolff AC, Eisenberg PD, Lehman M, Adams BJ, Bello CL, DePrimo SE, Baum CM, Miller KD: Phase II study of sunitinib malate, an oral multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with metastatic breast cancer previously treated with an anthracycline and a taxane. J Clin Oncol. 2008, 26 (11): 1810-1816. 10.1200/JCO.2007.14.5375.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. 30.

    Drevs J, Siegert P, Medinger M, Mross K, Strecker R, Zirrgiebel U, Harder J, Blum H, Robertson J, Jurgensmeier JM, Puchalski TA, Young H, Saunders O, Unger C: Phase I clinical study of AZD2171, an oral vascular endothelial growth factor signaling inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid tumors. J Clin Oncol. 2007, 25 (21): 3045-3054. 10.1200/JCO.2006.07.2066.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. 31.

    Escudier B, Eisen T, Stadler WM, Szczylik C, Oudard S, Staehler M, Negrier S, Chevreau C, Desai AA, Rolland F, Demkow T, Hutson TE, Gore M, Anderson S, Hofilena G, Shan M, Pena C, Lathia C, Bukowski RM: Sorafenib for treatment of renal cell carcinoma: final efficacy and safety results of the phase III treatment approaches in renal cancer global evaluation trial. J Clin Oncol. 2009, 27 (20): 3312-3318. 10.1200/JCO.2008.19.5511.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. 32.

    Gibbons J, Egorin MJ, Ramanathan RK, Fu P, Mulkerin DL, Shibata S, Takimoto CH, Mani S, LoRusso PA, Grem JL, Pavlick A, Lenz HJ, Flick SM, Reynolds S, Lagattuta TF, Parise RA, Wang Y, Murgo AJ, Ivy SP, Remick SC: Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of imatinib mesylate in patients with advanced malignancies and varying degrees of renal dysfunction: a study by the National Cancer Institute Organ Dysfunction Working Group. J Clin Oncol. 2008, 26 (4): 570-576. 10.1200/JCO.2007.13.3819.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. 33.

    Hotte SJ, Winquist EW, Lamont E, MacKenzie M, Vokes E, Chen EX, Brown S, Pond GR, Murgo A, Siu LL: Imatinib mesylate in patients with adenoid cystic cancers of the salivary glands expressing c-kit: a Princess Margaret Hospital phase II consortium study. J Clin Oncol. 2005, 23 (3): 585-590.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. 34.

    Matulonis UA, Berlin S, Ivy P, Tyburski K, Krasner C, Zarwan C, Berkenblit A, Campos S, Horowitz N, Cannistra SA, Lee H, Lee J, Roche M, Hill M, Whalen C, Sullivan L, Tran C, Humphreys BD, Penson RT: Cediranib, an oral inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor kinases, is an active drug in recurrent epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, and peritoneal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009, 27 (33): 5601-5606. 10.1200/JCO.2009.23.2777.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. 35.

    Moreno-Aspitia A, Morton RF, Hillman DW, Lingle WL, Rowland KM, Wiesenfeld M, Flynn PJ, Fitch TR, Perez EA: Phase II trial of sorafenib in patients with metastatic breast cancer previously exposed to anthracyclines or taxanes: North Central Cancer Treatment Group and Mayo Clinic Trial N0336. J Clin Oncol. 2009, 27 (1): 11-15.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. 36.

    Sweeney CJ, Chiorean EG, Verschraegen CF, Lee FC, Jones S, Royce M, Tye L, Liau KF, Bello A, Chao R, Burris HA: A phase I study of sunitinib plus capecitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors. J Clin Oncol. 2010, 28 (29): 4513-4520. 10.1200/JCO.2009.26.9696.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. 37.

    Breccia M, D'Andrea M, Alimena G: Can nifedipine and estrogen interaction with imatinib be responsible for gallbladder stone development?. Eur J Haematol. 2005, 75 (1): 89-90. 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2005.00476.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. 38.

    Li C, Kuchimanchi M, Hickman D, Poppe L, Hayashi M, Zhou Y, Subramanian R, Kumar G, Surapaneni S: In vitro metabolism of the novel, highly selective oral angiogenesis inhibitor motesanib diphosphate in preclinical species and in humans. Drug Metab Dispos. 2009, 37 (7): 1378-1394. 10.1124/dmd.108.025742.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. 39.

    Loreno M, Travali S, Bucceri AM, Scalisi G, Virgilio C, Brogna A: Ultrasonographic study of gallbladder wall thickness and emptying in cirrhotic patients without gallstones. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2009, 2009: 683040-

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. 40.

    Krishnamurthy GT, Krishnamurthy S, Brown PH: Constancy and variability of gallbladder ejection fraction: impact on diagnosis and therapy. J Nucl Med. 2004, 45 (11): 1872-1877.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. 41.

    Elwood DR: Cholecystitis. Surg Clin North Am. 2008, 88 (6): 1241-1252. 10.1016/j.suc.2008.07.008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pre-publication history

  1. The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2407/13/242/prepub

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Rebeca Melara (Amgen Inc.) for pharmacokinetic analysis; Benjamin Scott (Complete Healthcare Communications, Inc., Chadds Ford, PA, USA), whose work was funded by Amgen Inc., and Beate Quednau (Amgen Inc.) for assistance in manuscript writing.

Author information

Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Santa Monica, CA, USA

    Lee S Rosen

  2. Western Hospital, Footscray, and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia

    Lara Lipton

  3. The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide School of Medicine, Woodville, SA, Australia

    Timothy J Price

  4. Oncology Hematology of Lehigh Valley, Bethlehem, PA, USA

    Neil D Belman

  5. Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Bethesda, MD, USA

    Ralph V Boccia

  6. Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA

    Herbert I Hurwitz

  7. Cancer Centers of the Carolinas, Greenville, SC, USA

    Joe J Stephenson Jr

  8. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Lori J Wirth

  9. Department of Biostatistics, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA

    Sheryl McCoy

  10. Department of Oncology, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA

    Yong-jiang Hei

  11. Department of Pharmacokinetics & Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA

    Cheng-Pang Hsu

  12. Ludwig Oncology Unit, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia

    Niall C Tebbutt

Authors
  1. Lee S Rosen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Lara Lipton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Timothy J Price
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Neil D Belman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ralph V Boccia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Herbert I Hurwitz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Joe J Stephenson Jr
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Lori J Wirth
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Sheryl McCoy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Yong-jiang Hei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Cheng-Pang Hsu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Niall C Tebbutt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lee S Rosen.

Additional information

Competing interests

LSR, LL, NDB, and JJS have no competing interests to declare. TJP and LJW have been consultants to Amgen Inc. RVB has received honoraria from and holds stock in Amgen Inc. HIH has received research funding from GSK. NCT has received research funding from Amgen Inc. and has provided expert testimony on behalf of Amgen Inc. SM, Y-JH, and C-PH are employees of and shareholders in Amgen Inc.

Authors’ contributions

LSR, HIH, and Y-JH participated in conception and design of the study. LL, LSR, TJP, NDB, HIH, JJS, LJW, SM, C-PH, and NCT participated in collection and assembly of data. LSR, RVB, HIH, LJW, SM, Y-JH, and C-PH participated in data analysis and interpretation. All authors participated in writing or revising the manuscript and provided their approval of the final version of the manuscript.

Authors’ original submitted files for images

Below are the links to the authors’ original submitted files for images.

Authors’ original file for figure 1

Authors’ original file for figure 2

Rights and permissions

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Rosen, L.S., Lipton, L., Price, T.J. et al. The effect of different dosing regimens of motesanib on the gallbladder: a randomized phase 1b study in patients with advanced solid tumors. BMC Cancer 13, 242 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-13-242

Download citation

Keywords

  • Cholecystitis
  • Acute Cholecystitis
  • Gallbladder Volume
  • Decrease Ejection Fraction
  • Gallbladder Function

BMC Cancer

ISSN: 1471-2407

Contact us