It has been demonstrated that limited cancer awareness amongst the general public can result in delayed presentation and poorer survival [12, 13]. BCAM has been attempting to address this problem in breast cancer since 1985, and has been demonstrated to result in an increased uptake of screening mammography[14], and an increased rate of detection of in situ- and local breast tumours[1]. The results presented here suggest that the BCAM campaigns have been highly successful in stimulating Internet activity relating to breast cancer, at least for the duration of the annual campaign, and for the months immediately either side of it.
We have found that breast cancer is responsible for a much higher level of search activity overall when compared with both prostate and lung cancer. This result correlates well with previous work which examined cancer search activity using the Yahoo! search engine between 2001 and 2003; breast cancer ranked first of 23 cancers in terms of search activity, ahead of lung cancer in second and prostate cancer in fifth[15]. The most likely explanation for these findings is that breast cancer (number affected United States 2006, 2,605,000) has a greater prevalence than either prostate (n = 2,320,000) or lung cancer (n = 426,000)[16]. One further explanation is that American women have been shown to overestimate their breast cancer risk[17], and thus may have a lower threshold for searching out information and advice regarding breast cancer. However, our analysis demonstrating that the September and November campaigns to promote awareness of both prostate and lung cancer, respectively, have not increased Internet user activity relative to the rest of the year is more difficult to explain. In addition, it is clear from Table 1 that the campaigns for these latter cancers do not appear to register in the public mindset, with neither campaign nor their associated awareness initiatives achieving sufficient interest to register on the Google Insights for Search Application. In contrast, it is clear that the strategies employed by BCAM result in online activity, with high levels of interest demonstrated in relation to both the campaign and its associated initiatives ('breast cancer walk', 'breast cancer NFL'), and indeed to the disease itself ('breast cancer symptoms').
As noted in the introduction to this work, there has been an increasing level of disquiet at both the success of BCAM, and perhaps more specifically with the 'pink ribbon' culture which has developed around breast cancer; there are now 1468 major non-profit organisations involved in its promotion in the United States, compared with just 229 and 154 organisations for prostate and lung cancer, respectively[18]. An argument, too, has been made that BCAM, and pink culture in general, now serves simply as the official platform for an industry led promotional campaign aimed at maintaining a competitive edge in the marketplace[19]. From a clinical standpoint, although the campaign has been attributed with positively influencing the diagnosis and management of breast cancer, recent work by Jacobsen et el. has questioned its ongoing role in raising awareness; the authors examined 30 years of registry data to determine if October events relating to BCAM lead to increases in the following month of November - no increases were seen[20]. The authors concluded that, in contrast to the earlier years of the campaign, "more recently, the increase in routine screening has contributed to a decrease in the impact of specific promotion events on new diagnoses"[20]. Of course, whilst much of the money raised via BCAM is directed towards aspects of breast cancer out-with diagnosis and screening, the apparent undue attention which BCAM, and indeed breast cancer in general, continues to receive has raised concerns amongst other advocacy groups. Their misgivings are based on the belief that the attention being given to breast cancer, in terms of both research time and money, is leading to a concomitant neglect of research into other malignancies. One such group is the National Prostate Cancer Coalition (NPCC) in the United States. They have pointed out, for example, that in 2006, research spending by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) on breast cancer exceeded 718 million dollars whilst prostate cancer was allocated just 376 million[21].
Given this expenditure, and indeed the significantly greater research output associated with breast cancer [22], it is all the more important that the success or otherwise of awareness initiatives for both prostate and lung cancer are scrutinised such that weaknesses may be addressed. In an era of ever increasing Internet use, the failure of awareness campaigns to register significant levels of online interest must raise concerns for those involved. An argument could be made that the differences discussed above relate to the patient demographics associated with each of these malignancies. In particular, it has previously been demonstrated that women are more likely to seek health-related information on the internet than are their male counterparts [23, 24]. In addition, women overestimate their risk for breast cancer[25], and increased perceived cancer risk has been demonstrated to correlate with increased health-seeking behaviour online [26]. Furthermore, it might be argued that, since levels of Internet activity have been shown to be positively correlated with higher socioeconomic status and education level, it might well have been expected that lung cancer in particular, which has a higher disease burden in lower socioeconomic groups [27], would consequently be associated with decreased Internet activity. Similarly, lung cancer tends to affect an older cohort of patients, relative to the other two malignancies, and is not associated with a readily available screening test, and again these differences might well account for some of the differences seen.
These arguments notwithstanding, recent studies have reported that 56-58% of patients with prostate cancer [28, 29], and 68% of those with known or suspected lung cancer access health information on the Internet[30]; this compares with some 48-50% of those with breast cancer [31, 32]. In addition, the most recent report on this subject found no differences in Internet use according to age, education level and economic status in a cohort of patients with breast or colorectal cancer, and concluded that the main reason for this was "due to the increased availability of the Internet and a decrease in the cost of computers and Internet access, making economic factors less influential"[33].
The aforementioned ubiquity of Internet use across the different cancer types suggests that the success of BCAM in increasing Internet activity, relative to the success of similar campaigns for either prostate or lung cancer, may be attributed to characteristics of the campaign itself, rather than to characteristics of the target population. Cooper et al. have reported that levels of cancer-related search activity on Yahoo! demonstrated significant positive correlation with levels of news coverage (p < 0.001)[15]; breast cancer has been repeatedly shown to receive more attention than any other malignancy in both the print[34] and television media[35], and we suggest that the increased online activity seen during BCAM is directly consequent on the success of the campaign in focusing media attention upon it, as exemplified by it's promotion on the front cover of an October 2009 edition of Sports Illustrated. This successful marketing campaign has, as noted, aroused some degree of unease amongst advocates for other causes however. In addition, whilst the development of BCAM and "pink culture" has had undeniable benefits for the breast cancer movement in general, an argument can also be made that the increasing ubiquity of breast cancer in daily life has had deleterious consequences for some patients, with the focus on lifestyle modification and risk factor avoidance leading some to feel guilty in relation to their past behaviour[2]. In addition, some have questioned whether the success of campaigns have led to a situation whereby women are now unable to make an informed decision as to whether or not they should attend for screening, with very little public commentary being given to the potential downside of this attendance[36]. Concerns have also been raised regarding the statistics employed in campaigns; whilst the UK literature, for example, claims that one in nine women will suffer breast cancer at some time in their lives, the reality is that many of these will be diagnosed in the elderly who will die of some other cause[2]. In shaping future initiatives, then, it will be important for agencies working on behalf of other cancer groups to address these issues within their own sphere such that similar concerns are not raised in relation to their efforts to promote cancer awareness.
One important caveat to this work is that whilst it has demonstrated the apparent success of BCAM compared to other cancer awareness initiatives in raising levels of related online activity, this finding cannot be extrapolated to conclude that this increased activity correlates necessarily with either increased cancer awareness or health seeking activity offline. As alluded to in the introduction, there is some evidence to suggest that online activity is associated with health seeking behaviour[5]. This relationship is complex however, and whilst Ybarra et at reported that 55% of online health information seekers contacted a health professional as a result of the information they found online, the authors qualified this by noting that the subgroup who used the Internet to access health information because it was free, or because seeing a health professional was expensive, were 90% less likely to contact a healthcare professional as a result of their online activity[5]. In addition, the 2005 Health Information National Trends Survey reported that while over half of respondents aged between 18 and 34 years old, and almost 40% of those aged between 45 and 64 years, preferred going online first to obtain information about cancer, doctors nevertheless remained the most trusted source of health information[37]; this finding correlates well with the results of a 2011 study of younger men with prostate cancer, wherein doctor's advice about treatment strategies superceded the Internet in influencing behaviour [38]. Whilst this latter work is just one of a growing number of studies which have examined the use of the Internet amongst cancer patients and cancer survivors[39], there remains a dearth of work examining the influence of online activity in raising awareness of cancer risk and stimulating offline health behaviour prior to receiving an actual cancer diagnosis; it therefore remains to be demonstrated conclusively that the increased levels of online activity associated with BCAM shown in this study lead to increased uptake of either screening or cancer avoidance strategies. Thus, although one might intuitively predict that increased online activity will impact positively on timely cancer diagnosis and prevention, it is too early to conclude that the success of BCAM in stimulating online activity may be taken as a proxy for concluding that BCAM raises awareness of, or motivates offline activity in relation to avoidance of breast cancer.
There are a number of other limitations to this work. As noted in similar work examining search interest in in vitro fertilisation, analysis of internet activity is necessarily limited to those with online access, and using Google search engines[8]. In addition, it is not possible to identify which stakeholders (i.e. advocates, patients, health professionals, etc.) are responsible for the search activity. This has particular significance given the aforementioned commercialisation of breast cancer and the development of "pink culture"; it may be that many of those seeking information online as a result of BCAM are in fact already allied with this movement, either as a result of a personal or family history of breast cancer, or through their work or involvement in non-profit or private organisations linked to breast cancer. If this were the case, it would raise questions as to whether the increased levels of online activity demonstrated here actually represent success in terms of targeting the population at risk, thereby achieving success as defined by the BCAM organisation itself - the education and empowerment of "women to take charge of their own breast health by practicing regular self-breast exams to identify any changes, scheduling regular visits and annual mammograms with their healthcare provider, adhering to prescribed treatment, and knowing the facts about recurrence"[40]. Finally, the Insights for Search Application normalises and scales data between 0 and 100 - actual search figures are not provided, and therefore the magnitude of the differences in Internet search activity discussed above cannot be elaborated upon.
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