A simple method for assigning genomic grade to individual breast tumours

Decisions regarding medical treatment in early breast cancer are guided by disease stage, morphological characteristics (microscopic grading), and selected biological factors - notably expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors and the HER2 oncogene [1]. The prognostic and therapy-predictive accuracies of these factors are limited, resulting in over- and under-treatment of patients. A decade of experience from large scale gene expression studies have underscored the relevance of some factors, as well as indicated potential improvements. Retrospective data reveal a high degree of concordance between microarray-technology and established methods for determining oestrogen and progesterone receptor status [2–5], as well as expression of the HER2 oncogene [6]. Concerning histopathological grading, two studies have indicated a potential for improvement. Here, the intermediate grade (G2) seems to lack a biological correlate. Both gene expression-wise and with regards to prognosis approximately two-thirds of G2-tumors are similar to the low grade group whereas about one third resemble the high grade group [7, 8], which means that 40-50% of breast cancer patients currently get an unnecessarily imprecise estimate of their risk of recurrence.

For research as well as clinical purposes, we have been interested to use proposed methods for microarray-based grading. The more extensively investigated method [8] - now commercially available through MapQuant Dx - involves calculation of a summary score from genes with increased expression in G1 and G3 cancers, respectively (weighted -1 and +1). To allow use across different microarray platforms, scores are transformed with scale and offset terms, calculated utilizing known microscopic grading in data to be classified, in a leave-one-out cross-validation. It is unclear if the leave-one-out approach adequately deals with the obvious risk of over-fitting, and the need for parallel microscopic grading is not appealing, rendering the method unpractical and insufficiently validated. The methods proposed by Ivshina et al [7] - prediction analysis of microarrays (PAM) and statistically weighted syndromes (SWS) - require training of the algorithm in the same original data for true reproduction, which is cumbersome and may deter potential users. Also, data to be classified may have to be normalized to training data to maintain accuracy. To validate and simplify the concept of microarray-based grading, we tested a method that only uses information contained in the single tumour profile of interest.

For Sotiriou's et. al. [8] set of 128 probe sets, the ranks (1 for a probe set with lowest expression in a given tumour profile, n for a gene with highest; n = number of probe sets on the microarray platform) were averaged for probe sets with increased expression in G3-tumors (n = 112), and those with increased expression in G1-tumors (n = 16), respectively. The higher average determines the genomic grade (we use Sotiriou's and co-workers term to distinguish from histopathological grade). Expression of grade-related genes is thus only related to other genes internal to the profile, resulting in a method that can classify individual profiles with no further information. Insensitivity to data set composition, no requirement for training data, and unbiased estimation of accuracy are key advantages. Sensitivity to differences in average expression between probes is a potential limitation.

Routine use of microarray or other RNA-profiling technology in early breast cancer is a likely future development, and projects to test this clinically are underway. Common to all these efforts is the aim to achieve improved prognostic and treatment predictive information. We take particular interest in microarray-based grading as it offers some key advantages over other proposed strategies (MammaPrint and Oncotype Dx etcetera): grade is well-known and interpretation in relation to clinical guidelines is straightforward. Change of practice - with the potential to spare patients from aggressive therapy - is likely to happen faster than with signatures introducing new taxonomies with unclear relationships to established prognostic and treatment predictive markers. Focusing on factors of known importance - like grade - also makes it possible to motivate microarray technology as an improvement in medical technology: similar or improved information (compared to that contributed by the pathology department) can be achieved at a competitive cost. Suggested methods to achieve this - in their current published form [7, 8] - are disadvantaged by methodological complexity and uncertain independent accuracy, which has motivated us to design a simpler data set-independent method and evaluate it in several tumour series. This can hopefully increase interest in the concept of microarray-based grading; an R script for the necessary calculations is available in an additional file (Additional file 2).