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  1. Differentiated thyroid cancer is usually associated with an excellent prognosis and indolent course. Distant metastases are rare events at the onset of thyroid cancer. Among these presentations, metastasis to ...

    Authors: Maria Grazia Chiofalo, Nunzia Simona Losito, Franco Fulciniti, Sergio Venanzio Setola, Antonio Tommaselli, Ugo Marone, Maria Luisa Di Cecilia and Luciano Pezzullo
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:55
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  2. Locally advanced prostate cancer is often associated with elevated recurrence rates. Despite the modest response observed, external-beam radiotherapy has been the preferred treatment for this condition. More r...

    Authors: André D Sasse, Elisa Sasse, Albertina M Carvalho and Ligia T Macedo
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:54
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. The presence of somatic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations in cancer cells has been interpreted in controversial ways, ranging from random neutral accumulation of mutations, to positive selection for high pat...

    Authors: Luísa Pereira, Pedro Soares, Valdemar Máximo and David C Samuels
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:53
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. Herein we present the results of two related investigations. The first study determined if concentrations in breast nipple discharge (ND) of two proteins (urinary plasminogen activator, uPA and its inhibitor, ...

    Authors: Wenyi Qin, Gerald Gui, Ke Zhang, Dominique Twelves, Beth Kliethermes and Edward R Sauter
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:52
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. miRNAs, endogenous oligonucleotide RNAs, play an important role in mammary gland carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Detection of their expression and investigation of their functions could lead to discovery...

    Authors: Zheng-sheng Wu, Chao-qun Wang, Ru Xiang, Xue Liu, Shan Ye, Xue-qing Yang, Gui-hong Zhang, Xiao-chun Xu, Tao Zhu and Qiang Wu
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:51
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway plays a fundamental role in cell proliferation and survival in human tumorigenesis, including gastric cancer. PIK3CA mutations and amplification are two major caus...

    Authors: Jing Shi, Demao Yao, Wei Liu, Na Wang, Hongjun Lv, Guanjun Zhang, Meiju Ji, Li Xu, Nongyue He, Bingyin Shi and Peng Hou
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:50
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. Brain metastases (BM) from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are extremely rare and are associated with a poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to define clinical outcome and prognostic determinants in patien...

    Authors: Xiao-Bing Jiang, Chao Ke, Guan-Hua Zhang, Xiang-Heng Zhang, Ke Sai, Zhong-Ping Chen and Yong-Gao Mou
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:49
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. Cancer-initiating cells (CICs) are proposed to be responsible for the generation of metastasis and resistance to therapy. Accumulating evidences indicates CICs are found among different human cancers and cell ...

    Authors: Jacqueline López, Adela Poitevin, Veverly Mendoza-Martínez, Carlos Pérez-Plasencia and Alejandro García-Carrancá
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:48
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. Extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1) and vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) are secretory glycoproteins that are associated with lymphangiogenesis; these proteins could, therefore, play important r...

    Authors: Qiu-Wan Wu, Hong-Qiang She, Jing Liang, Yu-Fan Huang, Qing-Mo Yang, Qiao-Lu Yang and Zhi-Ming Zhang
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:47
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening requires sufficient endoscopic resources. The present study aims to determine the Dutch endoscopic production and manpower for 2009, evaluate trends since 2004, determine addi...

    Authors: Sietze T van Turenhout, Jochim S Terhaar sive Droste, Gerrit A Meijer, Ad A Masclée and Chris JJ Mulder
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:46
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. Spy1 is a novel 'cyclin-like' activator of the G1/S transition capable of enhancing cell proliferation as well as inhibiting apoptosis. Spy1 protein levels are tightly regulated during normal mammary developme...

    Authors: Mohammad Al Sorkhy, Rosa-Maria Ferraiuolo, Espanta Jalili, Agnes Malysa, Andreea R Fratiloiu, Bonnie F Sloane and Lisa A Porter
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:45
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. Malignancies arising in the large bowel cause the second largest number of deaths from cancer in the Western World. Despite progresses made during the last decades, colorectal cancer remains one of the most fr...

    Authors: Amaia García-Bilbao, Rubén Armañanzas, Ziortza Ispizua, Begoña Calvo, Ana Alonso-Varona, Iñaki Inza, Pedro Larrañaga, Guillermo López-Vivanco, Blanca Suárez-Merino and Mónica Betanzos
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:43
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. The purpose of this study was to compare the expression and the prognostic effect of the breast cancer stem cell marker aldehyde dehydrogenase-1 (ALDH1) in young and elderly breast cancer patients.

    Authors: J Sven D Mieog, Esther M de Kruijf, Esther Bastiaannet, Peter JK Kuppen, Anita Sajet, Anton JM de Craen, Vincent THBM Smit, Cornelis JH van de Velde and Gerrit-Jan Liefers
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:42
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. In cancer cells, transcriptional gene silencing has been associated with genetic and epigenetic defects. The disruption of DNA methylation patterns and covalent histone marks has been associated with cancer de...

    Authors: Ernesto Soto-Reyes, Rodrigo González-Barrios, Fernanda Cisneros-Soberanis, Roberto Herrera-Goepfert, Víctor Pérez, David Cantú, Diddier Prada, Clementina Castro, Félix Recillas-Targa and Luis A Herrera
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:40
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. Today's clinical diagnostic tools are insufficient for giving accurate prognosis to breast cancer patients. The aim of our study was to examine the tumor metabolic changes in patients with locally advanced bre...

    Authors: Maria D Cao, Guro F Giskeødegård, Tone F Bathen, Beathe Sitter, Anna Bofin, Per E Lønning, Steinar Lundgren and Ingrid S Gribbestad
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:39
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. The heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is required for the stability of many signalling kinases. As a target for cancer therapy it allows the simultaneous inhibition of several signalling pathways. However, its inh...

    Authors: Armin Haupt, Gerard Joberty, Marcus Bantscheff, Holger Fröhlich, Henning Stehr, Michal R Schweiger, Axel Fischer, Martin Kerick, Stefan T Boerno, Andreas Dahl, Michael Lappe, Hans Lehrach, Cayetano Gonzalez, Gerard Drewes and Bodo MH Lange
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:38
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. Bevacizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody to human vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) and has been used for many types of cancers such as colorectal cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, breast ...

    Authors: Yoriko Yamashita-Kashima, Kaori Fujimoto-Ouchi, Keigo Yorozu, Mitsue Kurasawa, Mieko Yanagisawa, Hideyuki Yasuno and Kazushige Mori
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:37
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. The development of cervical cancer and its high-grade precursor lesions (Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia grade 2/3 [CIN2/3]) result from a persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) ty...

    Authors: Mariska Bierkens, Saskia M Wilting, Wessel N van Wieringen, Mark A van de Wiel, Bauke Ylstra, Chris JLM Meijer, Peter JF Snijders and Renske DM Steenbergen
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:36
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. Several stromal cell subtypes including macrophages contribute to tumor progression by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) at the invasive front, a mechanism also linked to metastasis. Tumor assoc...

    Authors: Anne-Katrine Bonde, Verena Tischler, Sushil Kumar, Alex Soltermann and Reto A Schwendener
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:35
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. Conventional smears of samples obtained by endobronchial ultrasound with real-time transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) have proven useful in lung cancer staging, but the value of additional informatio...

    Authors: José Sanz-Santos, Pere Serra, Felipe Andreo, Maria Llatjós, Eva Castellà and Eduard Monsó
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:34
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. Increased health care costs have made it incumbent on health-care facilities and physicians to demonstrate both clinical and cost efficacy when recommending treatments. Though studies have examined the cost-ef...

    Authors: Tsui Fen Cheng, Jung Der Wang and Wu Ching Uen
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:33
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. Fascin is a globular actin cross-linking protein, which plays a major role in forming parallel actin bundles in cell protrusions and is found to be associated with tumor cell invasion and metastasis in various...

    Authors: Hunain Alam, Amruta V Bhate, Prakash Gangadaran, Sharda S Sawant, Shimul Salot, Lalit Sehgal, Prerana P Dange, Devendra A Chaukar, Anil K D'cruz, Sadhna Kannanl, Rajiv Gude, Shubhada Kane, Sorab N Dalal and Milind M Vaidya
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:32
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. Standard treatment of advanced ovarian cancer is surgery and chemotherapy. The goal of surgery is to remove all macroscopic tumour, as the amount of residual tumour is the most important prognostic factor for ...

    Authors: Marianne J Rutten, Katja N Gaarenstroom, Toon Van Gorp, Hannah S van Meurs, Henriette JG Arts, Patrick M Bossuyt, Henk G Ter Brugge, Ralph HM Hermans, Brent C Opmeer, Johanna MA Pijnenborg, Henk WR Schreuder, Eltjo MJ Schutter, Anje M Spijkerboer, Celesta WM Wensveen, Petra Zusterzeel, Ben Willem J Mol…
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:31
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  26. The role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in malignant and non-malignant genital diseases in women is well known and the corresponding epidemiological burden has been widely described. However, less is known abou...

    Authors: Susanne Hartwig, Stina Syrjänen, Géraldine Dominiak-Felden, Maria Brotons and Xavier Castellsagué
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:30
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. In estrogen responsive MCF-7 cells, estradiol (E2) binding to ERα leads to transcriptional regulation of genes involved in the control of cell proliferation and survival. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as key po...

    Authors: Xinfeng Yu, Xuemei Zhang, Ishwori B Dhakal, Marjorie Beggs, Susan Kadlubar and Dali Luo
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:29
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. Ergosterol peroxide (EP) derived from edible mushroom has been shown to exert anti-tumor activity in several cancer cells. In the present study, anti-angiogenic activity of EP was investigated with the underly...

    Authors: Yun-Hee Rhee, Soo-Jin Jeong, Hyo-Jeong Lee, Hyo-Jung Lee, Wonil Koh, Ji Hoon Jung, Sun-Hee Kim and Kim Sung-Hoon
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:28
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. The purpose of this study was to identify the risk factors associated with fatal pulmonary hemorrhage (PH) in patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), treated with chemoradiotherapy.

    Authors: Masami Ito, Seiji Niho, Keiji Nihei, Kiyotaka Yoh, Hironobu Ohmatsu and Yuichiro Ohe
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:27
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. Metastasis is the main factor responsible for death in breast cancer patients. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors, known as tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs), and the membrane-associated MMP...

    Authors: Luciana R Gomes, Letícia F Terra, Rosângela AM Wailemann, Leticia Labriola and Mari C Sogayar
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:26
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. High cholesterol may be a modifiable risk factor for prostate cancer but results have been inconsistent and subject to potential "reverse causality" where undetected disease modifies cholesterol prior to diagn...

    Authors: Kashif Shafique, Philip McLoone, Khaver Qureshi, Hing Leung, Carole Hart and David S Morrison
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:25
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. Cell surface NKG2D ligands (NKG2DL) bind to the activating NKG2D receptor present on NK cells and subsets of T cells, thus playing a role in initiating an immune response. We examined tumor expression and prog...

    Authors: Esther M de Kruijf, Anita Sajet, Johanna GH van Nes, Hein Putter, Vincent THBM Smit, Robert A Eagle, Insiya Jafferji, John Trowsdale, Gerrit Jan Liefers, Cornelis JH van de Velde and Peter JK Kuppen
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:24
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. Established risk factors for prostate cancer have not translated to effective prevention or adjuvant care strategies. Several epidemiologic studies suggest greater body adiposity may be a modifiable risk facto...

    Authors: Jay H Fowke, Saundra S Motley, Raoul S Concepcion, David F Penson and Daniel A Barocas
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:23
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. RNA from exosomes and other microvesicles contain transcripts of tumour origin. In this study we sought to identify biomarkers of glioblastoma multiforme in microvesicle RNA from serum of affected patients.

    Authors: Mikkel Noerholm, Leonora Balaj, Tobias Limperg, Afshin Salehi, Lin Dan Zhu, Fred H Hochberg, Xandra O Breakefield, Bob S Carter and Johan Skog
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:22
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. The tumor microenvironment is pivotal in tumor progression. Thus, we aimed to develop a mammary tumor model to elucidate molecular characteristics in the stroma versus the tumor cell compartment by global gene...

    Authors: Ingrid Moen, Charlotte Jevne, Jian Wang, Karl-Henning Kalland, Martha Chekenya, Lars A Akslen, Linda Sleire, Per Ø Enger, Rolf K Reed, Anne M Øyan and Linda EB Stuhr
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:21
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. The newly discovered metastasis-associated in colon cancer-1 (MACC1) gene is a key regulator of the HGF/MET pathway. Deregulation of HGF/MET signaling is reported as a prognostic marker for tumorigenesis, earl...

    Authors: Alois H Lang, Simone Geller-Rhomberg, Thomas Winder, Nicole Stark, Klaus Gasser, Bernd Hartmann, Bertram Kohler, Ina Grizelj, Heinz Drexel and Axel Muendlein
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:20
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors (VEGFs) and their receptors (VEGF-Rs) are important regulators for angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. VEGFs and VEGF-Rs are not only expressed on endothelial cells but also...

    Authors: Hilmar Quentmeier, Sonja Eberth, Julia Romani, Herbert A Weich, Margarete Zaborski and Hans G Drexler
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:19
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. Case-control studies of mass screening for lung cancer (LC) by chest x-rays (CXR) performed in the 1990s in scarcely defined Japanese target populations indicated significant mortality reductions, but these re...

    Authors: Lorenzo Dominioni, Nicola Rotolo, William Mantovani, Albino Poli, Salvatore Pisani, Valentina Conti, Massimo Paolucci, Fausto Sessa, Antonio Paddeu, Vincenzo D'Ambrosio and Andrea Imperatori
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:18
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. There have been conflicting reports about serum golgi protein 73 (GP73) as one of the most promising serum markers for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study was to make a systematic revie...

    Authors: Ying Zhou, Xin Yin, Jun Ying and BoHeng Zhang
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:17
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. Stimulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been observed following transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) in hepatocellular cancer (HCC) and may contribute to tumor regrowth. This pilot study...

    Authors: Carolyn D Britten, Antoinette S Gomes, Zev A Wainberg, David Elashoff, Rafael Amado, Yan Xin, Ronald W Busuttil, Dennis J Slamon and Richard S Finn
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:16
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. The multicellular tumor spheroid (MCTS) is an in vitro model associating malignant-cell microenvironment and 3D organization as currently observed in avascular tumors.

    Authors: Isabelle Dufau, Céline Frongia, Flavie Sicard, Laure Dedieu, Pierre Cordelier, Frédéric Ausseil, Bernard Ducommun and Annie Valette
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:15
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. Second-line treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) improves overall survival. There is a lack of data regarding the impact on patients' overall health condition. This prospective, non-interve...

    Authors: Wolfgang Schuette, Hans Tesch, Hartwig Büttner, Thomas Krause, Victoria Soldatenkova and Clemens Stoffregen
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:14
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. We specifically tested the aetiological hypothesis that a factor influencing geographical or temporal heterogeneity of childhood central nervous system (CNS) tumour incidence was related to exposure to a trans...

    Authors: Richard JQ McNally, Peter W James, Susan V Picton, Patricia A McKinney, Marlous van Laar and Richard G Feltbower
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:13
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. In colorectal carcinoma, extensive gene promoter hypermethylation is called the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP). Explaining why studies on CIMP and survival yield conflicting results is essential. Most ...

    Authors: Benjamin Tournier, Caroline Chapusot, Emilie Courcet, Laurent Martin, Côme Lepage, Jean Faivre and Françoise Piard
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:12
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. Major changes in the incidence of oesophageal and gastric cancers have been reported internationally. This study describes recent trends in incidence and survival of subgroups of oesophageal and gastric cancer...

    Authors: Victoria H Coupland, William Allum, Jane M Blazeby, Michael A Mendall, Richard H Hardwick, Karen M Linklater, Henrik Møller and Elizabeth A Davies
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:11
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. The study of breast cancer metastasis depends on the use of established breast cancer cell lines that do not accurately represent the heterogeneity and complexity of human breast tumors. A tumor model was deve...

    Authors: Carolyn G Marsden, Mary Jo Wright, Latonya Carrier, Krzysztof Moroz, Radhika Pochampally and Brian G Rowan
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:10
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. Molecular alterations occur frequently in T-ALL and the potential impact of those abnormalities on outcome is still controversial. The current study aimed to test whether NOTCH1 mutations and additional molecular...

    Authors: Marcela Braga Mansur, Rocio Hassan, Thayana C Barbosa, Alessandra Splendore, Patricia Y Jotta, José Andrés Yunes, Joseph L Wiemels and Maria S Pombo-de-Oliveira
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:9
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. The frequency of E-cadherin germline mutations in countries with different incidence rates for gastric carcinoma has not been well established. The goal of this study was to assess the worldwide frequency of CDH1

    Authors: Giovanni Corso, Daniele Marrelli, Valeria Pascale, Carla Vindigni and Franco Roviello
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:8
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. The association between the TERT rs2736100 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and cancer risk has been studied by many researchers, but the results remain inconclusive. To further explore this association, we p...

    Authors: Peng Zou, Aihua Gu, Guixiang Ji, Lin Zhao, Peng Zhao and Ailin Lu
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:7
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. Invasive micropapillary carcinoma (IMPC) of the breast is a distinct and aggressive variant of luminal type B breast cancer that does not respond to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. It is characterized by small pseud...

    Authors: Sophie Doublier, Dimas C Belisario, Manuela Polimeni, Laura Annaratone, Chiara Riganti, Elena Allia, Dario Ghigo, Amalia Bosia and Anna Sapino
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2012 12:4
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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