Skip to main content
Download PDF

Prognostic significance of occult lymph node metastases in breast cancer: a meta-analysis

BMC Cancer volume 21, Article number: 875 (2021) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Occult metastases in axillary lymph nodes have been reported to be associated with poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer. However, studies on the prognostic value of occult metastases have shown controversial results. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of occult lymph node metastases in breast cancer.

Methods

Studies published until May, 2020, which retrospectively examined negative lymph nodes by stepsectioning and/or immunohistochemistry, were retrieved from MEDLINE, EMBASE, CNKI, and Cochrane Library databases. The pooled Relative Risk (RR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were calculated to examine the associations between occult metastases and prognosis.

Results

Patients with occult metastases in axillary lymph nodes had poorer five-year DFS (RR = 0.930; 95% CI = 0.907–0.954) and OS (RR = 0.972; 95% CI = 0.954–0.990). Furthermore, the DFS (RR = 0.887; 95% CI = 0.810–0.972) and OS (RR = 0.896; 95% CI = 0.856–0.939) of patients with occult metastases were significantly lower after a ten-year follow-up.

Conclusions

Occult metastases in the axillary lymph nodes are associated with poorer DFS andOS of patients with breast cancer. Occult metastases might serve as a predictive factor of survival outcomes in patients with breast cancer.

Peer Review reports

Background

Axillary lymph node (ALN) status is an important prognostic indicator of survival in breast cancer [1]. In 1948, Saphir et al. showed that a limited number of sections from the axillary lymph nodes of patients with breast cancer are insufficient to detect metastases [2]. Since then, occult metastases have been defined as metastases that were not initially assessed, but detected by further examinations [3]. Over the following decades, multiple new techniques have been introduced to improve lymph node biopsy. Using step-sectioning and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, occult metastases have been frequently detected in 12–23% of women with breast cancer, who initially exhibit negative axillary lymph nodes on hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining during routine pathological examination [4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. In addition, some studies also used reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect specific mRNA [6, 7, 11].

The prognostic significance of occult metastases remains controversial. Although several studies indicated occult metastases impacts OS or DFS [9, 12,13,14,15], others argued that occult metastases have no significant prognostic value [6, 10, 16, 17]. Furthermore, the routine use of IHC to stage lymph nodes has beenquestioned in recent large sample size studies. The National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project randomized controlled trial B-32 (NSABP B-32) indicated that occult metastases were an independent prognostic variable in survival, however, the difference in outcome at 5-years was small (1.2 percentage points) [14]. The American College of Surgeons Oncology Group (ACOSOG) Z0010 study also demonstrated that IHC evidence of occult metastases was not significantly associated with OS [18]. Hence, the current National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guideline for breast cancer does not recommend routine IHC to define node involvement [19]. Although several systematic reviews have been published on the association between occult metastases and survival [3, 16], an update including recent studies is still necessary. This meta-analysis systematically evaluated the association between occult lymph node metastases and survival among patients with breast cancer.

Methods

The present systematic review and meta-analysis was performed according to the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement.

Search strategy

The literature review was performed in PUBMED, EMBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Cochrane Library until May 1, 2020. The following search terms were used: (breast cancer OR breast carcinoma OR breast neoplasms), (lymph node OR lymph-node), (occult metastases OR micrometastases OR isolated tumor cells), and (prognosis OR prognostic OR survival OR survival rate OR survival analysis OR mortality OR recurrence). Relevant reviews, meta-analyses, and references cited in these papers were also checked for potential studies. Abstracts or unpublished reports were not considered. If more than one article was published by the same author using the same case series, the study with the highest number of subjects was selected. All the searches were conducted by two reviewers independently, and any disagreement was resolved through discussion.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

The following inclusion criteria were applied: ①evaluation of the association between occult metastases and survival outcome of breast cancer patients, ② case-control or cohort design, ③description of the survival outcomes of the studies in terms of disease-free or overall survival, and ④full texts based on original data. The exclusion criteria employed were: ①no control group (lymph node-negative group), ②lack of Kaplan-Meier methods or life-table analyses, and ③short follow-up period (< 5 years).

Data extraction and study quality assessment

All data were extracted independently by two reviewers, according to pre-specified selection criteria. Disagreement was resolved by consensus and discussion with the third investigator. The following data were extracted: pathological assessment of the removed lymph nodes, number of control group, number of patients with lymph node occult metastases, tumor stage, follow-up period, performance of axillary lymph node dissection, disease-free/overall survival rates, administration of adjuvant systemic therapy, and results of multivariable analyses (Table 1). If the survival data were not provided in a table or text in the chosen articles, they would be extracted from the survival curves by Engauge Digitizer version 10.8 (GitHub, Open Source software). To prevent overlap of the data from studies that described subpopulations besides a total population, only subpopulations were taken into account for the calculation of relative risks. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) was applied to assess the quality of the study [38].

Table 1 The main characteristics and quality scores of the included studies
Full size table

Statistical analysis

The five- and ten-year relative risk (RR) of disease-free and overall survival was compared between the occult metastases group and control (lymph node negative) group. Statistical heterogeneity was measured using I2 (I2 > 50% was considered statistically significant heterogeneity). If significant heterogeneity was detected, the random-effects model was used and sensitivity analysis performed by removing one study at a time to calculate overall homogeneity and effect size. Otherwise, a fixed-effects model was employed [39]. Egger’s regression method was used statistically to assess publication bias (p <  0.05 was considered statistically significant) [40]. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA version 12.0 (StataCorp LLC, US), 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported, and p <  0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical tests were two-sided.

Results

Studies included in the meta-analysis

A total of 487 papers were identified as relevant to the search words. After screening the title and reading the abstract, 134 articles were selected to for full text review, 26 studies were excluded as review or meta-analysis, and 77 articles were removed for not involving survival data or prognostic results. In further analysis of the remaining 31 potential articles, two articles were excluded: one reported duplicate data and the other one had insufficient data. Finally, 29 publications with 105,060 patients were included [4, 6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15, 20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37]. The flowchart of selection of studies and reasons for exclusion is presented in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Flowchart of selection of studies and specific reasons for exclusion from the meta-analysis

Full size image

The characteristics and quality assessment results of the articles selected are summarized in Table 1. Of these, five articles only took step sectioning [15, 20,21,22,23], nine used step sectioning combined with immunohistochemical staining [8, 9, 12, 14, 26, 28, 31, 32, 34], four applied hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining with immunohistochemical staining [4, 6, 10, 29], while the rest only utilized immunohistochemical staining [7, 11, 13, 24, 25, 27, 30, 33, 35,36,37]. The breast cancer stage was described detailly in only 13 articles [4, 7, 10,11,12, 15, 20, 21, 23, 25, 29, 30, 33, 38], and follow-up duration ranged from 3.1 to 25.6 years. The use of adjuvant systemic therapy was not reported in 8 articles [14, 27, 28, 30, 31, 35,36,37], while it was applied to all or some patients in 7 articles [9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 29, 33], and none in the rest. Among the included articles, seven divided the patients with occult metastases into different subgroups [7,8,9, 12, 15, 26, 32]. As all subgroups analysis were regarded as separated studies, 36 studies were chosen for evaluation in this meta-analysis.

Association between occult metastases and survival of patients

After a five-year follow-up, the results showed that occult metastases group was associated with poorer DFS (RR = 1.497; 95% CI = 1.341–1.671; I2 = 28.6%) (Fig. 2) and OS (RR = 1.440; 95% CI = 1.186–1.749; I2 = 71.7%) (Fig. 3). After a ten-year follow-up, the results also revealed poorer DFS (RR = 1.688; 95% CI = 1.256–2.268; I2 = 66.2%) (Fig. 4) and OS (RR = 1.477; 95% CI = 1.279–1.705; I2 = 58.3%) (Fig. 5) in patients with occult metastases. As obvious heterogeneity was observed in the study of 5-yr OS and 10-yr FDS, a random-effects model was utilized in these analysis. The results of the sensitivity analysis were consistent after excluding several studies [14, 30], with the confidence interval of RR not significantly decreasing (Fig. 6).

Fig. 2
figure 2

Association between 5-y DFS and the present of occult ALN metastasis

Full size image
Fig. 3
figure 3

Association between 5-y OS and the present of occult ALN metastasis

Full size image
Fig. 4
figure 4

Association between 10-y DFS and the present of occult ALN metastasis

Full size image
Fig. 5
figure 5

Association between 10-y OS and the present of occult ALN metastasis

Full size image
Fig. 6
figure 6

Results of the sensitivity analysis. Results when each study is excluded are shown by the point estimate of the HR and 95% CI

Full size image

Evaluation of publication bias

As including almost all studies, the studies of 5-yr DFS were conducted by using funnel plots and Egger’s test to assess publication bias. The funnel plot was approximately symmetrical (Fig. 7) and the result of Egger’s test (P = 0.567) revealed no obvious publication bias among the studies.

Fig. 7
figure 7

Funnel plot analysis on the detection of publication bias in the meta-analysis of Prognostic Significance of Occult Lymph Node Metastases in breast cancer

Full size image

Discussion

This meta-analysis of 36 studies aimed to explore the association between occult metastases in axillary lymph nodes and long-term prognosis ofpatients with breast cancer. In this meta-analysis, occult metastases were associated with worse DFSand OS than nagetive lymph nodes after 5-years and 10-years’ follow-up. These results demonstrated that occult metastases could be an independent prognostic factor in breast cancer patients with negative nodes on initial biopsy. Although the result of the sensitivity analysis were consistent, occult metastasis showed a worse prognosis after excluding the NSABP B-32 study [14].. This heterogeneity might be due to the second largest sample size and the relatively smaller difference in 5-year survival. Although the included studies differed in terms of patient population, pathological assessment, follow-up duration, and methodology, their results were generally homogenous. This is not the first meta-analysis to evaluate the relationship between occult metastases and survival in patients with breast cancer, howevwe, it has several strengths over the previous meta-analysis [3]. The previous meta-analysis pointed out that presence of occult metastases was associated with poorer DFS and OS. This current meta-analysis included recent large sample size studies and obtained consistent results [14, 38].

The results were predominantly consistent with two previous large sample size studies, which albeit demonstrated that patients with occult micrometastases in axillary lymph nodes had a poorer survival [14, 37]. Weaver et al. [14] found that occult metastases were an independent prognostic factor in patients with sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) that were negative on initial examination. However, they indicated that additional evaluation, including IHC analysis, had no clinical benefit because the difference between survival was statistically significant relatively small. A larger study including 93,070 patients also demonstrated a difference in OS between patients with occult metastases and those with IHC-negative lymph nodes [37]. However, in further multivariate analysis in subgroups, micrometastases (0.2–2 mm diameter), rather than isolated tumor cells (< 0.2 mm diameter or < 200 cells, ITC), remained an independent predictor for survival.

The results of this meta-analysis differ from those of ACOSOG Z0010 study, which demonstrated no obvious difference in 5-year OS between occult metastases and no metastasis [18]. The difference might be due to that ACOSOG Z0010 was limited to early-stage T1 and T2 tumors. Several studies included in our analysis also reported that occult metastases could not predict a poorer survival in patients with breast cancer [6, 11, 20, 21, 32, 35]. This lack of significant difference might be due to the small sample size and the pathological examination techniques. It is worth mentioning that the Z0011 study has led to significant changes in the surgical treatment of breast cancer [41]. Fewer patients now receive further axillary surgery even in the presence of macrometassis. However, similar to the Z0010 study, the patients enrolled in the Z0011 study were also relatively at a lower risk: the tumor stage was T1–2, of which about 70% were T1 and 71% had only one positive SLN. Moreover, all patients underewnt breast-conservation surgery, and more than 96% of them received subsequent adjuvant systemic therapy. Therefore, the impact of occult metastasis on the survival of patients with a higher risk of recurrence (larger tumor size, mastectomy without adjuvant treatment, etc) needs further study.

The size of lymph node metastasis and subsequent treatment may affect the survival of patients with occult metastases. Weaver et al. [14] reported that the hazard ratio for death was 1.38 (95% CI = 1.02–1.87) in patients with isolated tumor cells and 1.91 (95% CI = 1.41–2.59) in those with micrometastases or macrometastases, when compared with patients in whom occult metastases were not detected. The MIRROR study showed that ITCs or micrometastases in SLN were associated with a lower 5-year DFS among patients who did not receive adjuvant therapy. Meanwhile, DFS was improved in patients with ITCs or micrometastases who received adjuvant therapy [42]. Consistent with the above results, this meta-analysis found that occult metastasis in axillary lymph nodes might affect the prognosis of patients, especially those who do not receive adjuvant therapy after surgery.

The relationship between axillary lymph node ITC/micrometastases and recurrence has not been fully established. Although studies have confirmed that adjuvant systemic therapy can improve the prognosis of patients, current evidence is still insufficient to support the replacement of axillary lymphadenectomy (ALND) with adjuvant systemic therapy alone. A further analysis of the MIRROR trial showed that patients with SLN micrometasis who did not undergo axillary treatment had an higher 5-year regional recurrence rate [43]. Therefore, we recommend to improve the detection rate of occult metastases in SLNs, especially for those patients who may be exempted from adjuvant therapy. In addition, adjuvant systemic therapy and axillary local radiotherapy should be performed in all patients with micrometastases, while ALND to minimize complications of surgery and improve quality of life while achieving a good prognosis.

The present analysis of the selected studies revealed that occult metastases could be detected in 9–42% of patients with breast cancer [4, 6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15, 20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37], mostly with micrometastases and ITCs, whereas macrometastases were inevitable. Hence, this study suggested that improvement of intraoperative assessment is necessary to increase the metastasis detection rate, especially macrometastases > 2 mm. In addition to intraoperative frozen section analysis, molecular techniques, such as RT-PCRand one-step nucleic acid amplification have been utilized, which could contribute to better detection rate of lymph node metastases, tumor staging, and subsequent therapeutic strategy [44]. The improvement of techniques can effectively improve the metastasis detection rate, but the impact on long-term survival requires further study.

The limitations of this study are as follows: (1) this meta-analysis was based on data from survival curves instead of pooled individual data; (2) pathological type, surgical options, adjuvant treatment regimen, and systemic therapy may be associated with DFS and OS, but these detailed data were not available in the majority of included studies or stratified analysis could not be conducted; (3) the majority of included studies had a retrospective design, so recall and selection biases may affect the results; (4) publication bias is an inevitable problem since this study is based on published articles, and ongoing or unpublished studies were not included in this meta-analysis.

Conclusions

In summary, we found that occult metastases in the axillary lymph nodes of patients with breast cancer are an independent predictor of disease-free and overall survival. Moreover, it may indicate a relatively poor prognosis. However, because of non-standardized pathological examination and treatment, the prognostic value of occult metastases is still limited and further study is needed.

Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.

Abbreviations

RR:

relative risk

95% CI:

95% confidence interval

OS:

overall survival

DFS:

disease-free survival

ALN:

axillary lymph node

IHC:

immunohistochemical

RT-PCR:

reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction

ACOSOG:

American College of Surgeons Oncology Group

NCCN:

National Comprehensive Cancer Network

CNKI:

China National Knowledge Infrastructure

NOS:

Newcastle-Ottawa scale

H&E:

hematoxylin and eosin

ITC:

isolated tumor cells

ALND:

axillary lymphadenectomy

SLN:

sentinel lymph nodes

References

  1. Fisher B, Bauer M, Wickerham DL, Redmond CK, Fisher ER, Cruz AB, et al. Relation of number of positive axillary nodes to the prognosis of patients with primary breast cancer. An NSABP update Cancer. 1983;52(9):1551–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19831101)52:9<1551::aid-cncr2820520902>3.0.co;2-3.

  2. Saphir O, Amromin GD. Obscure axillary lymph node metastases in carcinoma of the breast. Proc Inst Med Chic. 1948;17:140.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. de Boer M, van Dijck JA, Bult P, Borm GF, Tjan-Heijnen VC. Breast cancer prognosis and occult lymph node metastases, isolated tumor cells, and micrometastases. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010;102(6):410–25. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djq008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Galea MH, Athanassiou E, Bell J, Dilks B, Robertson JF, Elston CW, et al. Occult regional lymph node metastases from breast carcinoma: immunohistological detection with antibodies CAM 5.2 and NCRC-11. J Pathol. 1991;165(3):221–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/path.1711650305.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. McGuckin MA, Cummings MC, Walsh MD, Hohn BG, Bennett IC, Wright RG. Occult axillary node metastases in breast cancer: their detection and prognostic significance. Br J Cancer. 1996;73(1):88–95. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1996.16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Millis RR, Springall R, Lee AH, Ryder K, Rytina ER, Fentiman IS. Occult axillary lymph node metastases are of no prognostic significance in breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 2002;86(3):396–401. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6600070.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Reed W, Bohler PJ, Sandstad B, Nesland JM. Occult metastases in axillary lymph nodes as a predictor of survival in node-negative breast carcinoma with long-term follow-up. Breast J. 2004;10(3):174–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1075-122X.2004.21328.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Tan LK, Giri D, Hummer AJ, Panageas KS, Brogi E, Norton L, et al. Occult axillary node metastases in breast cancer are prognostically significant: results in 368 node-negative patients with 20-year follow-up. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(11):1803–9. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2007.12.6425.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Park D, Karesen R, Naume B, Synnestvedt M, Beraki E, Sauer T. The prognostic impact of occult nodal metastasis in early breast carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2009;118(1):57–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-009-0340-2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Loya A, Guray M, Hennessy BT, Middleton LP, Buchholz TA, Valero V, et al. Prognostic significance of occult axillary lymph node metastases after chemotherapy-induced pathologic complete response of cytologically proven axillary lymph node metastases from breast cancer. Cancer. 2009;115(8):1605–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.24173.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Braun S, Cevatli BS, Assemi C, Janni W, Kentenich CR, Schindlbeck C, et al. Comparative analysis of micrometastasis to the bone marrow and lymph nodes of node-negative breast cancer patients receiving no adjuvant therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(5):1468–75. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2001.19.5.1468.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Querzoli P, Pedriali M, Rinaldi R, Lombardi AR, Biganzoli E, Boracchi P, et al. Axillary lymph node nanometastases are prognostic factors for disease-free survival and metastatic relapse in breast cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12(22):6696–701. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-0569.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Umekita Y, Ohi Y, Sagara Y, Yoshida H. Clinical significance of occult micrometastases in axillary lymph nodes in "node-negative" breast cancer patients. Jpn J Cancer Res. 2002;93(6):695–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2002.tb01308.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Weaver DL, Ashikaga T, Krag DN, Skelly JM, Anderson SJ, Harlow SP, et al. Effect of occult metastases on survival in node-negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(5):412–21. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1008108.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Prognostic importance of occult axillary lymph node micrometastases from breast cancers. International (Ludwig) Breast Cancer Study Group. Lancet. 1990;335:1565–8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1972494/.

  16. Valachis A, Nearchou A, Polyzos NP, Lind P, Berqvist J. Occult metastasis in sentinel node: should this affect the clinical decision making? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Res. 2011;71:(24 Supplement):P3-07-34-P3-07-34.

  17. Takeshita T, Tsuda H, Moriya T, Yamasaki T, Asakawa H, Ueda S, et al. Clinical implications of occult metastases and isolated tumor cells in sentinel and non-sentinel lymph nodes in early breast cancer patients: serial step section analysis with long-term follow-up. Ann Surg Oncol. 2012;19(4):1160–6. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-011-2085-5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Giuliano AE, Hawes D, Ballman KV, Whitworth PW, Blumencranz PW, Reintgen DS, et al. Association of occult metastases in sentinel lymph nodes and bone marrow with survival among women with early-stage invasive breast cancer. JAMA. 2011;306(4):385–93. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1034.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. William JD BO, Jame A, Rebecca A, Kimberly HA, Sarah LB, Harold JB, Chau D. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Breast Cancer. National Comprehensive Cancer Network; 2021. Available from: https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/breast.pdf.

  20. Fisher ER, Swamidoss S, Lee CH, Rockette H, Redmond C, Fisher B. Detection and significance of occult axillary node metastases in patients with invasive breast cancer. Cancer. 1978;42(4):2025–31. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(197810)42:4<2025::AID-CNCR2820420452>3.0.CO;2-J.

  21. Rosen PP, Saigo PE, Braun DW Jr, Beattie EJ Jr, Kinne DW. Occult axillary lymph node metastases from breast cancers with intramammary lymphatic tumor emboli. Am J Surg Pathol. 1982;6(7):639–41. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000478-198210000-00005.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Wilkinson EJ, Hause LL, Hoffman RG, Kuzma JF, Rothwell DJ, Donegan WL, et al. Occult axillary lymph node metastases in invasive breast carcinoma: characteristics of the primary tumor and significance of the metastases. Pathol Annu. 1982;17(Pt 2):67–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. de Mascarel I, Bonichon F, Coindre JM, Trojani M. Prognostic significance of breast cancer axillary lymph node micrometastases assessed by two special techniques: reevaluation with longer follow-up. Br J Cancer. 1992;66(3):523–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1992.306.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Elson CE, Kufe D, Johnston WW. Immunohistochemical detection and significance of axillary lymph node micrometastases in breast carcinoma. A study of 97 cases. Anal Quant Cytol Histol. 1993;15(3):171–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Hainsworth PJ, Tjandra JJ, Stillwell RG, Machet D, Henderson MA, Rennie GC, et al. Detection and significance of occult metastases in node-negative breast cancer. Br J Surg. 1993;80(4):459–63. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.1800800417.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Nasser IA, Lee AK, Bosari S, Saganich R, Heatley G, Silverman ML. Occult axillary lymph node metastases in "node-negative" breast carcinoma. Hum Pathol. 1993;24(9):950–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/0046-8177(93)90108-S.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Tsuchiya A, Sugano K, Kimijima I, Abe R. Immunohistochemical evaluation of lymph node micrometastases from breast cancer. Acta Oncol. 1996;35(4):425–8. https://doi.org/10.3109/02841869609109916.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Clare SE, Sener SF, Wilkens W, Goldschmidt R, Merkel D, Winchester DJ. Prognostic significance of occult lymph node metastases in node-negative breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 1997;4(6):447–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02303667.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Gerber B, Krause A, Reimer T. Immunohistochemically detected lymph-node micrometastases in breast cancer and their correlation with prognostic factors. Breast Journal. 1997;3(3):106–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4741.1997.tb00152.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Cote RJ, Peterson HF, Chaiwun B, Gelber RD, Goldhirsch A, Castiglione-Gertsch M, et al. Role of immunohistochemical detection of lymph-node metastases in management of breast cancer. Int Breast Cancer Stud Group Lancet. 1999;354:896–900.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Cummings MC, Walsh MD, Hohn BG, Bennett IC, Wright RG, McGuckin MA. Occult axillary lymph node metastases in breast cancer do matter: results of 10-year survival analysis. Am J Surg Pathol. 2002;26(10):1286–95. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000478-200210000-00005.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. de Mascarel I, MacGrogan G, Picot V, Mathoulin-Pelissier S. Prognostic significance of immunohistochemically detected breast cancer node metastases in 218 patients. Br J Cancer. 2002;87(1):70–4. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6600420.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Fisher ER, Wang J, Bryant J, Fisher B, Mamounas E, Wolmark N. Pathobiology of preoperative chemotherapy: findings from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and bowel (NSABP) protocol B-18. Cancer. 2002;95(4):681–95. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.10741.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Gebauer G, Fehm T, Merkle E, Jaeger W, Mitze M. Micrometastases in axillary lymph nodes and bone marrow of lymph node-negative breast cancer patients--prognostic relevance after 10 years. Anticancer Res. 2003;23(5b):4319–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Kahn HJ, Hanna WM, Chapman JA, Trudeau ME, Lickley HL, Mobbs BG, et al. Biological significance of occult micrometastases in histologically negative axillary lymph nodes in breast cancer patients using the recent American joint committee on Cancer breast cancer staging system. Breast J. 2006;12(4):294–301. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1075-122X.2006.00267.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Marinho VF, Zagury MS, Caldeira LG, Gobbi H. Relationship between histologic features of primary breast carcinomas and axillary lymph node micrometastases: detection and prognostic significance. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2006;14(4):426–31. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.pai.0000210419.45869.79.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Kimbrough CW, McMasters KM, Quillo A, Ajkay N. Occult metastases in node-negative breast cancer: a surveillance, epidemiology, and end results-based analysis. Surgery. 2015;158(2):494–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2015.03.049.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Stang A. Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses. Eur J Epidemiol. 2010;25(9):603–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-010-9491-z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327(7414):557–60. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 1997;315(7109):629–34. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Armando EG, Karla B, Linda M, Peter B, Pat WW, Peter B, et al. Locoregional recurrence after sentinel lymph node dissection with or without axillary dissection in patients with sentinel lymph node metastases: long-term follow-up from the American College of Surgeons oncology group (Alliance) ACOSOG Z0011 randomized trial. Ann Surg. 2016;264:413–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. de Boer M, Deurzen CH, Dijck JA, et al. Micrometastases or isolated tumor cells and the outcome of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009;36:653–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Manon JP, Maaike B, Peter B, Jos AD, Carolien HD, Marian BM, et al. Regional recurrence in breast Cancer patients with sentinel node micrometastases and isolated tumor cells. Ann Surg. 2012;255:116–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Layfield DM, Agrawal A, Roche H, Cutress RI. Intraoperative assessment of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer. Br J Surg. 2011;98(1):4–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.7229.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Guixin Wang and Shuhao Zhang contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. General Surgery Department, Dalian University Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Dalian, 116000, China

    Guixin Wang, Lin Liu & He Bai

  2. Breast Surgery Department, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, China

    Guixin Wang, Meiling Wang, Yaqian Liu & Haidong Zhao

  3. Cardiology Department, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China

    Shuhao Zhang

  4. General Surgery Department, Dalian Jinzhou First People’s Hospital, Dalian, 116000, China

    Lianjun Tang

Authors
  1. Guixin Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Shuhao Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Meiling Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Lin Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Yaqian Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Lianjun Tang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. He Bai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Haidong Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Guixin Wang, Shuhao Zhang and Haidong Zhao designed this study. Meiling Wang, Lin Liu, Yaqian Liu, Lianjun Tang and He Bai collected and analyzed the data. Guixin Wang and Shuhao Zhang drafted the manuscript. Haidong Zhao interpreted the data and revised the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Haidong Zhao.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wang, G., Zhang, S., Wang, M. et al. Prognostic significance of occult lymph node metastases in breast cancer: a meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 21, 875 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-021-08582-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-021-08582-1

Keywords

BMC Cancer

ISSN: 1471-2407

Contact us