Skip to main content
Download PDF
  • Research article
  • Open access
  • Published:

Palliative Gastrectomy versus Gastrojejunostomy for advanced Gastric cancer with outlet obstruction: a propensity score matching analysis

BMC Cancer volume 21, Article number: 188 (2021) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) is a late complication of advanced gastric cancer, and it is controversial how to select the therapeutic strategies: gastrojejunostomy and palliative gastrectomy? Therefore, this study was to compare the surgical and survival outcomes of gastrojejunostomy and palliative gastrectomy.

Methods

In total, 199 gastric cancer patients with outlet obstruction treated by surgery between January 2000 and December 2015 at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into gastrojejunostomy group and palliative gastrectomy group. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to balance the selection bias.

Results

After 1:1 PSM, a total of 104 patients were included for final analysis. The median overall survival (OS) times in the gastrojejunostomy group and palliative gastrectomy group were 8.50 and 11.87 months, respectively (P = 0.243). The postoperative complication rates in the gastrojejunostomy group and palliative gastrectomy group were 19.23% (10/52) and 17.31% (9/52), respectively (P = 0.800), and no treatment-related death was observed. Multivariate analysis showed that periton0eal seeding (P = 0.014) and chemotherapy (P < 0.001) were independent prognostic factors. Among them, peritoneal seeding was a risk factor and postoperative chemotherapy was a protective factor.

Conclusions

Our results indicated that although the surgical complications of palliative gastrectomy were manageable, it showed no survival benefit. Therefore, relieving obstruction symptom, improving patients’ quality of life and creating better conditions for chemotherapy appear to be the main therapeutic strategies for advanced gastric cancer with GOO.

Peer Review reports

Introduction

Gastric cancer is responsible for over 1,000,000 new cases and an estimated 783,000 deaths in 2018, making it the fifth most frequently diagnosed cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death [1]. Various therapeutic strategies, including surgery, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and radiation therapy, have been demonstrated to improve the overall survival (OS) times for advanced gastric cancer [2].

Unfortunately, more than 80% of gastric cancer patients in China are diagnosed with advanced stages at the first clinic visit [3]. Gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) is a late complication of advanced gastric cancer. It leads to vomiting, inability to tolerate oral intake, weight loss, malnutrition for patients, which deprives them of the opportunity for proper treatment [4, 5]. Therefore, the treatment of GOO is of great importance for advanced gastric cancer with outlet obstruction.

There are currently three treatment options to alleviate GOO: endoscopic metallic stent insertion, gastrojejunostomy and palliative gastrectomy [5,6,7]. Among them, palliative gastrectomy is the radical therapeutic strategy that aimed to relieve the symptom and prolong the survival of the GOO patients. To date, few studies have evaluated the effect of palliative gastrectomy on those patients, the value of palliative surgical resection is still controversial. Although REGATTA trial demonstrated that the gastrectomy followed by chemotherapy could not show survival benefit compared with chemotherapy alone, its subgroup analysis indicated that the distal advanced gastric cancer may still benefit from gastrectomy [8]. Some previous retrospective studies have suggested that surgical resection may have a survival benefit [6, 9]. However, Okumura Y et al. reported that palliative gastrectomy offers no survival benefit as compared to gastrojejunostomy [10]. Up to now, most of the current studies were retrospective and have selection bias among enrolled patients.

Therefore, using the propensity score matching method to balance the selection bias, the aim of this study was to compare the safety and the impact on the overall survival of gastrojejunostomy and palliative gastrectomy for advanced gastric cancer with outlet obstruction.

Materials and methods

Patients

Patients were eligible if they were histologically proven diagnoses of gastric adenocarcinoma and outlet obstruction in Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center between January 2000 and December 2015. All patients enrolled in the study were treated with surgery, including gastrojejunostomy and palliative gastrectomy. The palliative gastrectomy was performed by open surgery to remove the primary tumor and two-thirds of the distal stomach without dissection of the lymph nodes.

Data collection

We reviewed the clinicopathologic characteristics before surgery and clinical outcomes after surgery of all patients. The characteristics included the age, gender, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance score (ECOG PS), pre-procedure gastric outlet obstruction scoring system (GOOSS), baseline serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), ascites, tumors around invasion of tissues and organs, degree of peritoneal seeding, distant organ metastasis, time of first oral eating after operation, average length of hospital stay, postoperative complications, postoperative chemotherapy, and overall survival. All the postoperative outcomes were enrolled in this study were occurred within 30 post-operative days.

GOOSS is defined as 0 for no oral intake, 1 for liquids only, 2 for soft solids, and 3 for low residue or full diet [11]. According to the first English edition of the Japanese classification of gastric carcinoma, the degree of peritoneal seeding` is classified as follows: P0, no peritoneal seeding; P1, disseminating metastasis to the region directly adjacent to the peritoneum of the stomach (above the transverse colon, including the greater omentum); P2, several scattered metastases to the distant peritoneum and ovarian metastasis alone; P3, numerous metastases to the distant peritoneum [12];

All regular follow-up assessments were completed by June 2019, and the median follow-up time was 15.31 months (range, 1.62–102.00 months).

This study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the institutional review board of Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Propensity score matching Agesnalysis

The propensity score, defined as the conditional probability of receiving treatment, is commonly built in observational studies to adjust for selection bias [13, 14]. Because patients were not randomly assigned to the gastrojejunostomy and palliative gastrectomy groups, propensity score matching was applied to control the selection bias. In this study, the 1:1 nearest neighbor matching were chosen for the propensity score. Propensity score matching was performed using IBM SPSS version 22.0 (IBM SPSS, Armonk, NY).

Statistical analysis

All of the statistical analyses were performed using the IBM SPSS version 22.0 (IBM SPSS, Armonk, NY). Chi square tests were used to compare categorical variables, and non-parametric tests were used to compare continuous variables. Univariate and multivariate analyses for survival were performed using Cox’s regression analysis. Variables with a p value < 0.05 in the univariate analysis were entered into multivariate analysis using Cox proportional hazard regression models. The forward selection method was used for multivariate Cox proportional analysis. The hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to estimate the survival predictor.

The overall survival (OS) was calculated from the diagnosis of gastric outlet obstruction to death. Kaplan-Meier survival curves with log-rank testing were performed to compare the survival benefits. Two-sided P values< 0.05 were considered to be significant.

Results

Patient baseline characteristics

In this study, a total of 199 patients were included, with 89 patients in the gastrojejunostomy group and 110 patients in the palliative gastrectomy group. Table 1 shows the baseline characteristics of the 199 patients. As shown in Table 1, compared with patients in the palliative gastrectomy group, patients in the gastrojejunostomy group had poorer PS (P = 0.028), higher CEA (P < 0.042), more ascites (P = 0.003), more invasion of adjacent organs (P < 0.001), serious peritoneal seeding (P = 0.016), less periods of chemotherapy (P < 0.001), indicating the obvious selection biases between these two treatment strategies. Therefore, the covariates for propensity score matching were PS, CEA, ascites, invasion of adjacent organs, peritoneal seeding, periods of chemotherapy. After 1:1 PSM, the covariates were balanced, with both of 52 patients enrolled in the gastrojejunostomy group and palliative gastrectomy group, respectively (Table 1).

Table 1 Clinicopathological characteristics of gastric cancer patients with outlet obstruction before and after propensity score matching
Full size table

Survival

Before PSM, the median OS was 7.73 (95%CI: 5.78–9.69) months in the gastrojejunostomy group and 15.93 (95%CI: 10.94–20.93) months in the palliative gastrectomy group, the OS difference between two groups was significant (P < 0.001) (Fig. 1 a). Nonetheless, after PSM, the OS difference was not significant (median OS: 8.50 (95%CI: 4.57–12.43) months vs 11.87 (95%CI, 7.37–16.36) month, P = 0.243) (Fig. 1 b).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Kaplan-Meier survival curves of the palliative gastrectomy and gastrojejunostomy groups for gastric cancer patients with outlet obstruction (a) before propensity score matching (P < 0.001) and (b) after propensity score matching (P = 0.243). P-values were calculated using the log-rank test

Full size image

Univariate and multivariate analysis

After PSM, we examined prognostic factors for OS in all patients. In the univariate analysis, Gender (HR (95%CI): 0.627 (0.491–0.800), P < 0.001), peritoneal seeding (HR (95%CI): 2.830 (1.292–6.197), P = 0.020) and period of chemotherapy (HR (95%CI): 0.263 (0.143–0.484), P < 0.001) were significant predictors of overall survival. Then, multivariate analysis demonstrated that only peritoneal seeding (HR (95%CI): 3.308 (1.426–7.674), P = 0.014) and period of chemotherapy (HR (95%CI): 0.226 (0.139–0.508), P < 0.001) remained as prognostic factors (Table. 2).

Table 2 Univariate and multivariate analysis of overall survival in gastric cancer patients with outlet obstruction after propensity score matching
Full size table

Postoperative outcomes

Table.3 shows postoperative surgical outcome data of these two procedures. In the gastrojejunostomy group, postoperative complications included three cases of abdominal bleeding, three cases of abdominal infection, two cases of pneumonia, one case of kidney failure and one case of stroke. In the palliative gastrectomy group, postoperative complications included two cases of abdominal bleeding, three cases of abdominal infection, two cases of incomplete ileus and two cases of pneumonia. The overall postoperative complication rates in the gastrojejunostomy group and palliative gastrectomy group were 19.23% (10/52) and 17.31% (9/52), respectively (p = 0.800), and no treatment-related death was observed in both groups (p = 1.000).

Table 3 Postoperative outcomes of gastric cancer patients with outlet obstruction
Full size table

The time of first oral intake was 5.82 ± 1.58 days (95%CI: 5.44–6.28 days) in the gastrojejunostomy group and 6.14 ± 2.14 days (95%CI: 5.62–6.81 days) in the palliative gastrectomy group, there was no significant difference in the time of first oral intake between the two groups (P = 0.405). However, the postoperative hospital stay was shorter in the gastrojejunostomy group than the palliative gastrectomy group (10.84 ± 3.61 days (95%CI: 9.77–11.83 days) vs. 14.37 ± 8.26 days (95%CI: 12.11–16.74 days), P = 0.007).

Discussion

Gastric cancer with outlet obstruction is a life-threatening condition and usually associated with a dismal prognosis. Treatment selection was frequently done depending on the patient’s condition and willing in the real clinical practice. In this study, we focused on the value of palliative surgical resection for advanced gastric cancer with outlet obstruction.

Recently, the value of palliative surgery for patients with gastric cancer has been evaluated in some prospective trials. The GYMSSA trial was aimed to compare palliative gastrectomy plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for patients with metastatic gastric cancer, but was closed prematurely due to poor participant accrual. Finally, only 17 patients were enrolled, therefore, it was difficult to draw any conclusions [15]. The REGATTA trial revealed that gastrectomy followed by chemotherapy did not show any survival benefit compared with chemotherapy alone in advanced gastric cancer with a single non-curable factor. However, its subgroup analysis indicated that the distal advanced gastric cancer may still benefit from gastrectomy [8]. And most of the patients with GOO were distal advanced gastric cancer. Only a handful of retrospective studies have focused on this point. Keränen I et al. [6] compared three palliative methods to treat gastric outlet obstruction and found that palliative resection seems to provide a survival benefit in contrast with endoscopic stenting and gastrojejunostomy. In 2014, Okumura Y et al. [10] performed a retrospective analysis and showed that palliative distal gastrectomy offers no survival benefit as compared to gastrojejunostomy. However, the sample size was only 43 cases, indicating the low power to make this conclusion. These studies did not address risk adjustment; therefore, a selection bias may be present between palliative gastrectomy and gastrojejunostomy. In the present study, palliative gastrectomy was performed in better PS, lower CEA, less ascites, less invasion of adjacent organs and less peritoneal seeding patient. These patients had less tumor burden, more tolerance to chemotherapy and finally lead to better overall survival [16,17,18,19,20]. Consequently, the survival difference before PSM may be account for selection bias. After PSM, the obtained results revealed no significant differences in OS between these two therapies.

The present study demonstrated that the palliative gastrectomy or gastrojejunostomy was not an independent risk factor for survival in the multivariate analysis, whereas the peritoneal seeding and postoperative chemotherapy were independent prognostic factors for survival. Among the metastasis patterns of gastric cancer, peritoneal seeding is the most frequent pattern and cause of death in patients with gastric cancer [21]. In our study, 81.4% of patients were diagnosed with peritoneal seeding at the time of diagnosis. For gastric cancer patient with peritoneal seeding, several investigators have suggested that palliative gastrectomy should be recommended in selective P1 patients with peritoneal implantation [12, 20]. However, peritoneal seeding is often more severe in patients with GOO. In our study, 60.3% patients suffered from P2/3 peritoneal implantation, no studies have been conducted to verify this in patients with GOO. At present, a lot of prospective studies have defined chemotherapy as a standard of care for stage IV gastric cancer [3, 22,23,24]. In the present study, after propensity score matching, the median OS of patients who underwent chemotherapy was significantly better than who not (17.53 m versus. 6.13 m; P < 0.001) (Fig. 2), in agreement with other studies [25, 26].

Fig. 2
figure 2

Kaplan-Meier survival curves of gastric cancer patients with outlet obstruction according to chemotherapy after propensity score matching (P < 0.001). P-values were calculated using the log-rank test

Full size image

In our study, the overall postoperative morbidity in the gastrojejunostomy group and palliative gastrectomy group were 19.23% (10/52) and 17.31% (9/52), respectively, and no treatment-related death was observed in patients who underwent palliative gastrectomy. Previous studies reported that the morbidity of palliative gastric resection ranged from 10.4 to 42% [12, 27, 28]. Hence, we considered that palliative gastrectomy was a safe procedure for patients with GOO. Nevertheless, the postoperative hospital stay was longer in the palliative gastrectomy group than the gastrojejunostomy group, which may lead to higher medical costs. As a whole, palliative gastrectomy cannot improve the prognosis, and the potential risk is theoretically high, therefore, the gastrojejunostomy is sufficient for patients with GOO.

There are some limitations in our study. First, this study is a retrospective study, and the data collection was in single center. Second, because of the rarity of gastric outlet obstruction due to gastric cancer, the study time span was over 15 years and many treatments are changing, especially in chemotherapy. Third, the quality of life after surgery is also an important concern for patients with GOO, but that was not been well evaluated in the present study. However, the number of patients enrolled in our study was relatively large compared to previous studies. Additionally, we used propensity score matching to balance the selection bias and explore the value of palliative gastrectomy for advanced gastric cancer with outlet obstruction. In the future, prospective studies are needed to confirm the results.

Conclusion

The present study indicated that although the surgical complications of palliative gastrectomy were manageable, it showed no survival benefit. Therefore, relieving obstruction symptoms, improving patients’ quality of life, and creating better conditions for chemotherapy appear to be the main therapeutic strategies for advanced gastric cancer patients with GOO.

Availability of data and materials

The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

Abbreviations

GOO:

Gastric outlet obstruction

PSM:

Propensity Score Matching Analysis

OS:

Overall survival

ECOG PS:

Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance score

GOOSS:

Gastric outlet obstruction scoring system

CEA:

Carcinoembryonic antigen

CI:

Confidence intervals

HR:

hazard ratio

References

  1. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68:394–424.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Harada K, Lopez A, Shanbhag N, Badgwell B, Baba H, Ajani J. Recent advances in the management of gastric adenocarcinoma patients. F1000Research. 2018;7.

  3. Wang FH, Shen L, Li J, Zhou ZW, Liang H, Zhang XT, Tang L, Xin Y, Jin J, Zhang YJ, Yuan XL, Liu TS, Li GX, Wu Q, Xu HM, Ji JF, Li YF, Wang X, Yu S, Liu H, Guan WL, Xu RH. The Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO): clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer. Cancer communications. 2019;39:10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Oh SY, Edwards A, Mandelson M, Ross A, Irani S, Larsen M, Gan SI, Gluck M, Picozzi V, Helton S, Kozarek RA. Survival and clinical outcome after endoscopic duodenal stent placement for malignant gastric outlet obstruction: comparison of pancreatic cancer and nonpancreatic cancer. Gastrointest Endosc. 2015;82(460–468):e462.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Jang SH, Lee H, Min B-H, Kim SM, Kim HS, Carriere KC, Min YW, Lee JH, Kim JJ. Palliative gastrojejunostomy versus endoscopic stent placement for gastric outlet obstruction in patients with unresectable gastric cancer: a propensity score-matched analysis. Surg Endosc. 2017;31:4217–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Keränen I, Kylänpää L, Udd M, Louhimo J, Lepistö A, Halttunen J, Kokkola A. Gastric outlet obstruction in gastric cancer: a comparison of three palliative methods. J Surg Oncol. 2013;108:537–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Haga Y, Hiki N, Kinoshita T, Ojima T, Nabeya Y, Kuwabara S, Seto Y, Yajima K, Takeuchi H, Yoshid K, Kodera Y, Fujiwara Y, Baba H. Treatment option of endoscopic stent insertion or gastrojejunostomy for gastric outlet obstruction due to gastric cancer: a propensity score-matched analysis. Gastric cancer. 2020.

  8. Fujitani K, Yang HK, Mizusawa J, Kim YW, Terashima M, Han SU, Iwasaki Y, Hyung WJ, Takagane A, Park DJ, Yoshikawa T, Hahn S, Nakamura K, Park CH, Kurokawa Y, Bang YJ, Park BJ, Sasako M, Tsujinaka T. Gastrectomy plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for advanced gastric cancer with a single non-curable factor (REGATTA): a phase 3, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Oncology. 2016;17:309–18.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Samarasam I, et al. Palliative gastrectomy in advanced gastric cancer: is it worthwhile? ANZ J Surg. 2006;76:60–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Okumura Y, Yamashita H, Aikou S, Yagi K, Yamagata Y, Nishida M, Mori K, Nomura S, Kitayama J, Watanabe T, Seto Y. Palliative distal gastrectomy offers no survival benefit over gastrojejunostomy for gastric cancer with outlet obstruction: retrospective analysis of an 11-year experience. World J Surg Oncol. 2014;12:364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Adler DG, et al. Endoscopic palliation of malignant gastric outlet obstruction using self-expanding metal stents: experience in 36 patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:72–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Nie RC, et al. Significant role of palliative Gastrectomy in selective gastric Cancer patients with peritoneal dissemination: A propensity score matching analysis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2016;23:3956–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Joffe MM, Rosenbaum PR. Invited commentary: propensity scores. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;150:327–33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Garrido MM, et al. Methods for constructing and assessing propensity scores. Health Serv Res. 2014;49:1701–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Rudloff U, Langan RC, Mullinax JE, Beane JD, Steinberg SM, Beresnev T, Webb CC, Walker M, Toomey MA, Schrump D, Pandalai P, Stojadinovic A, Avital I. Impact of maximal cytoreductive surgery plus regional heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) on outcome of patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis of gastric origin: results of the GYMSSA trial. J Surg Oncol. 2014;110:275–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Demirelli B, Babacan NA, Ercelep Ö, Öztürk MA, Kaya S, Tanrıkulu E, Khalil S, Hasanov R, Alan Ö, Telli TA, Koca S, Arıbal ME, Kuzan B, Dane F, Yumuk PF. Modified Glasgow Prognostic Score, Prognostic Nutritional Index and ECOG Performance Score Predicts Survival Better than Sarcopenia, Cachexia and Some Inflammatory Indices in Metastatic Gastric Cancer. Nutrition and cancer. 2020:1–9.

  17. Kochi M, et al. Evaluation of serum CEA and CA19-9 levels as prognostic factors in patients with gastric cancer. Gastric cancer. 2000;3:177–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Jung M, Jeung HC, Lee SS, Park JY, Hong S, Lee SH, Noh SH, Chung HC, Rha SY. The clinical significance of ascitic fluid CEA in advanced gastric cancer with ascites. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2010;136:517–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Isozaki H, Tanaka N, Tanigawa N, Okajima K. Prognostic factors in patients with advanced gastric cancer with macroscopic invasion to adjacent organs treated with radical surgery. Gastric cancer. 2000;3:202–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Yuan S-Q, Nie R-C, Chen S, Chen X-J, Chen Y-M, Xu L-P, Yang L-F, Zhou Z-W, Peng J-S, Chen Y-B. Selective gastric Cancer patients with peritoneal seeding benefit from Gastrectomy after palliative chemotherapy: A propensity score matching analysis. J Cancer. 2017;8:2231–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Hioki M, et al. Predictive factors improving survival after gastrectomy in gastric cancer patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis. World J Surg. 2010;34:555–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Glimelius B, et al. Randomized comparison between chemotherapy plus best supportive care with best supportive care in advanced gastric cancer. Ann Oncol. 1997;8(2):163–8.

  23. Yun J, et al. A randomised phase II study of combination chemotherapy with epirubicin, cisplatin and capecitabine (ECX) or cisplatin and capecitabine (CX) in advanced gastric cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2010;46(5):885-91.

  24. Oba K, Paoletti X, Bang YJ, Bleiberg H, et al. Role of chemotherapy for advanced/recurrent gastric cancer: an individual-patient-data meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 2013;49:1565–77.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Kim CG, et al. Effect of chemotherapy on the outcome of self-expandable metallic stents in gastric cancer patients with malignant outlet obstruction. Endoscopy. 2012;44:807–12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Okumura Y, et al. Gastrojejunostomy followed by induction chemotherapy for incurable gastric cancer with outlet obstruction. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16:4367–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Takeno A, Takiguchi S, Fujita J, Tamura S, Imamura H, Fujitani K, Matsuyama J, Mori M, Doki Y. Clinical outcome and indications for palliative gastrojejunostomy in unresectable advanced gastric cancer: multi-institutional retrospective analysis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2013;20:3527–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Tokunaga M, Makuuchi R, Miki Y, Tanizawa Y, Bando E, Kawamura T, Terashima M. Surgical and survival outcome following truly palliative Gastrectomy in patients with incurable gastric Cancer. World J Surg. 2016;40:1172–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding statement

This work was supported by the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology Roche foundation grants: Y-2019Roche-157.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Xiao-Jiang Chen, Guo-Ming Chen and Yi-Cheng Wei contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Gastric Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, No.651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China

    Xiao-Jiang Chen, Guo-Ming Chen, Yi-Cheng Wei, Hong Yu, Xi-Cheng Wang, Zhou-Kai Zhao, Tian-Qi Luo, Run-Cong Nie & Zhi-Wei Zhou

Authors
  1. Xiao-Jiang Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Guo-Ming Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yi-Cheng Wei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Hong Yu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Xi-Cheng Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Zhou-Kai Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Tian-Qi Luo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Run-Cong Nie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Zhi-Wei Zhou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

ZWW developed the concept of this work and lead the literature research and data collection. CXJ and NRC analyzed the data. CGM, YH, WXC, ZZK and LTQ contributed to the data collection and made the figures and tables. CXJ, CGM and WYC drafted the manuscript. All have read this final version and agreed to the submission.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Run-Cong Nie or Zhi-Wei Zhou.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the institutional review board of Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests in this study.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Chen, XJ., Chen, GM., Wei, YC. et al. Palliative Gastrectomy versus Gastrojejunostomy for advanced Gastric cancer with outlet obstruction: a propensity score matching analysis. BMC Cancer 21, 188 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-021-07904-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-021-07904-7

Keywords

BMC Cancer

ISSN: 1471-2407

Contact us