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  • Research article
  • Open Access
  • Open Peer Review

Prevalence and relationship of malnutrition and distress in patients with Cancer using questionnaires

†Contributed equally
BMC Cancer201818:1272

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-018-5176-x

©  The Author(s). 2018

  • Received: 4 May 2018
  • Accepted: 4 December 2018
  • Published:
Open Peer Review reports

Abstract

Background

Negative feelings, such as anxiety and depression, are common in patients with cancer. Our aim was to investigate the prevalence of malnutrition and distress in cancer patients and to examine the relationship between them.

Materials and methods

We did a cross-sectional study in West China hospital, China, using adapted questionnaires derived from Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA), Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS2002) and Distress Thermometer (DT). We also focused on the factors associated with distress.

Results

We found that psychological distress in cancer patients was common, with 39.5% patients suffering from distress. The mean score of PG-SGA was 3.37 (0–6), and 39.1% patients had malnutrition when using 4 as a cut-off value. Meanwhile, the mean score of NRS2002 was 1.91 (0–11), and 25.8% patients presented with malnutrition when using 3 as the cut-off value. Higher scores of nutritional risks confirmed by PG-SGA (r = 0.148, p < 0.001) and NRS2002 (r = 0.142, p < 0.001) were significantly correlated with higher levels of psychological stress.

Conclusion

Malnutrition was correlated with psychological stress in cancer patients. Early intervention in the mental problems and nutrition was meaningful, which could improve the psychological statuses of cancer patients.

Keywords

  • Cancer
  • Malnutrition
  • Psychological

Background

Negative feelings, such as anxiety and depression, are common in patients with cancer, which may come from economic status, pain, and treatment-related side effects [1, 2]. Medical and psychological interventions of negative feelings could be of benefit to deal with clinical symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and alopecia [3, 4]. These treatments can relieve the suffering of patients and their families, and may help them receive further life-saving treatments. Therefore, early detection of distress and depression may result in better therapeutic effects [5]. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines recommend routine screening for psychological distress in cancer patients in all stages using the Distress Thermometer (DT) [6, 7]. A meta-analysis also suggested that DT had a fine diagnostic performance of psychological problems [8].

Malnutrition, due to tumor-related and poor lifestyle-linked factors, is a common, underestimated and multifactorial condition which can occur at any stages of the disease [9, 10]. Regardless of cancer type, the overall prevalence of malnutrition in cancer is about 40%, and has remained constant for the last 30 years [10]. In patients with cancer, severe weight loss prior to treatment varies from 7 to 57%, which may result in increased rates of complications [11–15]. Nutrition problems can be due to mental health issues as well, so the symptoms of malnutrition and psychological distress overlap, but few studies have focused on the relationship between them [16]. Whether malnutrition is an important risk factor of distress is still not clear.

We conducted this study to investigate the prevalence of malnutrition and distress in cancer patients and to examine the relationship between them. We also focused on the factors associated with distress in patients with cancer.

Methods

Patients

We conducted a cross-sectional study in West China Hospital, China, which we intended to find out the number of cancer patients with malnutrition and/or distress and the relationship between psychological and nutritional status. From March 2015 to May 2017, we investigated 525 patients with cancer who underwent treatment in West China Hospital. The inclusion criteria were as follows:patients 1) had pathologically confirmed cancer; 2) had no cognitive impairments to understand and fill out a questionnaire by themselves. The exclusion criterion was that patients had a history of mental illness, such as schizophrenia, anxiety disorder, mood disorder, bipolar disorder, and psychoactive substance abuse. Questionnaires assessing depression, anxiety and nutritional status were given to the patients. This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of West China Hospital. Informed consents were signed by the patients if they agreed to participate in the study.

In this survey, we distributed a total number of 525 questionnaires, and the returning rate was 94.5% (496/525). Thirty questionnaires were excluded due to incomplete answers. Finally, 466 questionnaires were valid for the data analyses.

Questionnaire

We created a questionnaire (see Additional file 1) derived from DT, PG-SGA and NRS2002. In addition to basic demographic information, the questionnaire consisted of Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) and Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS2002), both measured the nutritional status of patients. Distress Thermometer (DT) measured the level of patients’ psychological distress.

Demographic information included questions about gender, height, weight, age, residence, marital status, living alone or not, level of education, medical insurance, occupation and religion. The occupation was categorized into having medical background or no medical background, as patients with medical background, for example health care providers, might have a different understanding of their diseases and react differently from other people.

Distress Thermometer is a subjective test to measure the level of distress, which is regarded as the most commonly used tool in detecting distress in cancer patients recently [8]. It consists of a scale from 0 to 10, with 0 indicating no distress and 10 indicating extreme distress. Potential advantages of the DT over other screening tools are its simplicity and acceptability for both health care providers and patients. The cut-off value of the DT is usually 4 recommended by NCCN [6, 7, 17].

Modified from the Subjective Global Assessment, PG-SGA is a brief scale for judging the nutritional statuses of cancer patients which is recommended by the Oncology Nutrition Dietetic Practice Group of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics [18, 19]. It brings loss of weight, disease, metabolic stress and physical examination into consideration [20]. Scores range from 0 to 16, with scores of ≥4 suggesting requirements of nutritional support and ≥ 9 indicating a critical demand for nutritional intervention [21].

Recommended by the European Society of Parenteral Enteral Nutrition (ESPEN), NRS2002 is a nutritional risk screening tool in hospitalized patients [22]. The total modules of NRS2002 include three parts: the severity of disease, nutritional status, and age. The cut-off value of NRS2002 is 3, the more severe malnutrition or risk of malnutrition is, the higher the scores will be [23].

Statistical analysis

We used the SPSS software (version 19.0 Chicago, IL, USA) to analyze the data. We examined the normal distribution of the scores of every patient. Correlation analyses were used to examine the relationship between the nutritional status and psychological distress. Consistency of PG-SGA and NRS2002 was also analyzed. The cut-off value of DT, PG-SGA and NRS2002 were 4, 4 and 3 respectively. Chi-square tests and Fisher’s exact probabilities were performed to examine the influence factors of DT, PG-SGA and NRS2002 scores. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Results

Demographic analysis

The study population for the current analyses was comprised of 466 individuals, including 257 men and 209 women. The mean age was 50.6 years (SD = 11.9; range 13–81). One hundred and seventy-five participants (37.6%) had a history of breast cancer, 60 patients (12.9%) were diagnosed with malignant lymphoma, 85 (18.2%) had head and neck cancer, other patients with malignant tumors are shown in Table 1. Most of them (n = 386, 82.8%) reported having no severe physical pain in our survey. No obvious significant difference was found between men and women.
Table 1

Characteristics of the study cohort

Characteristics

N

Constituent ratio (%)

Patients

466

 

Age

50.6 ± 11.9 years, 13 to 81 years

Sex

 Men

209

44.8

 Women

257

55.2

Height (cm)

 Men

Mean (SD): 168.2 (5.5)

 Women

Mean (SD): 157.6 (5.4)

Weight (kg)

 Men

 Women

Mean (SD): 62.5 (9.9)

Mean (SD): 55.4 (8.3)

BMI

 Men

Mean (SD): 22.1 (3.1)

 Women

Mean (SD): 22.3 (3.0)

Cancer types

 Head and neck

85

18.2

 Breast

175

37.6

 Lymphoma

60

12.9

 Lung

69

14.8

 Gastrointestinal–colorectal

52

11.2

 Genitalia–urinary–reproductive

8

1.7

 Bone and soft tissue

5

1.1

 CNS

6

1.3

 Middle ear

1

0.2

 Thymus

3

0.6

 Unknown/missing

2

0.4

Disease stage

 Early

136

29.2

 Intermediate

218

46.8

 Advanced

109

23.4

 Unknown/missing

3

0.6

Marital status

 Single

21

4.5

 Married

428

91.8

 Divorced/ Separated

7

1.5

 Widowed

10

2.2

Pain

  < 4

386

82.8

  ≥ 4

80

17.2

Residence

 Country

154

33.0

 Suburb

134

28.8

 City

178

38.2

Occupation

 Medical background

30

6.9

 No medical background

436

93.6

Education background

 Bachelor or above

14

3.0

 Undergraduate

56

12.0

 Middle-school

286

61.4

 Primary school or below

110

23.6

Religious belief

 No

413

88.6

 Yes

53

11.4

Source of medical costs

 Medical insurance

261

56.0

 New Rural Cooperative Medical System

137

29.4

 Self-supporting

51

10.9

 Publicly-funded

11

2.4

 Other

6

1.3

Prevalence of distress and malnutrition

We used the cut-off score of 4 recommended by the NCCN [7] to identify the level of distress. In this study, 184 patients (39.5%) suffered from distress. The mean distress score was 3.7 with a standard deviation of 2.7, ranging from 0 to 10.

Nutritional risk was identified by PG-SGA and NRS2002. The mean score of PG-SGA was 3.37 (ranging from 0 to 6), and 39.1% patients (182/466) showed positive results when using 4 as a cut-off value. Meanwhile, the mean score of NRS2002 was 1.91 (0–11), and 120 patients (25.8%) suffered from malnutrition when using 3 as the cut-off value.

In addition, we performed serial and parallel tests respectively. Serial test was defined by the scores of PG-SGA ≥ 4 and NRS 2002 ≥ 3 simultaneously as malnutrition. As a result, 85 patients (18.2%) were in the malnutrition status. Parallel test was defined by either the score of PG-SGA ≥ 4 or the score of NRS 2002 ≥ 3 as positive results, and the prevalence was 46.6% (217/466) (see Table 3).

Relationship between nutrition and distress

In general, higher scores of nutritional risks confirmed by PG-SGA (r = 0.148, p < 0.001) and NRS2002 (r = 0.142, p < 0.001) were positively correlated with higher levels of psychological stress (see Table 2). The same result was demonstrated by a series of chi-square tests using the standard of PG-SGA ≥ 4, NRS 2002 ≥ 3 and DT ≥ 4. Table 3 presents the results of the relationship between PG-SGA, NRS2002, PG-SGA plus NRS2002, PG-SGA or NRS2002 and DT scores, respectively. PG-SGA (score = 6.512, p = 0.011 < 0.05) and NRS2002 (score = 6.340, p = 0.012 < 0.05) showed positive correlation with DT. The strongest correlation appeared in parallel test (score = 9.610, p = 0.002 < 0.05), but there was no statistical significance in serial test (score = 4.287, p = 0.38 > 0.05).
Table 2

Correlation analyses demonstrating the relationship between Distress Thermometer scores and other factors

 

Correlations with Distress Thermometer

PG-SGA scores

r = 0.148, p < 0.001

NRS2002 scores

r = 0.142, p < 0.001

PG-SGA: Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment

NRS2002: Nutritional Risk Screening 2002

Table 3

Chi-square analyses demonstrating elevated Distress Thermometer scores in patients with poor nutritional status

Nutritional status

Distress

N

 PG-SGA score

No

Yes

 

  < 4

185

99

284

  ≥ 4

97

85

182

 Overall

282

184

466

 

6.512, p = 0.011 < 0.05

NRS2002 score

  < 3

221

125

346

  ≥ 3

61

59

120

 Overall

282

184

466

 

6.340, p = 0.012 < 0.05

Serial test: PG-SGA and NRS2002

 No

239

142

381

 Yes

43

42

85

 Overall

282

184

466

 

4.287, p = 0.38>0.05

Parallel test: PG-SGA or NRS2002

 No

167

82

249

 Yes

115

102

217

 Overall

282

184

466

 

9.610, p = 0.002 < 0.05

PG-SGA: Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment

NRS2002: Nutritional Risk Screening 2002

Serial test was defined by the scores of PG-SGA ≥ 4 and NRS 2002 ≥ 3 simultaneously

Parallel test was defined by either the score of PG-SGA ≥ 4 or NRS 2002 ≥ 3

Other factors associated with distress

To examine whether socio-demographic characteristics have effects on the level of distress, a series of analyses (Chi-square or correlation tests) were conducted. The factors affecting DT scores of patients were old age (p < 0.01) and pain (p < 0.01). The association was not statistically significant between DT scores and other socio-demographic and clinical variables, including age, gender, marital status, disease stage or education.

Other factors associated with nutrition

We also conducted Chi-square or correlation tests to verify whether socio-demographic characteristics have impacts on the level of nutritional status. With regard to nutrition, no significant relationship was found between PG-SGA scores and any demographic and clinical variables except for gender (p < 0.01) and disease stage (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, NRS2002 scores were significantly correlated with age (p < 0.05), gender (p < 0.01), disease stage (p < 0.01), pain (p < 0.01), and occupation (p < 0.05) (see Table 4).
Table 4

Chi-square analyses demonstrating the relationship between different basic situations and DT, PG-SGA and NRS2002

Basic situations

Relationship with

DT

PG-SGA

NRS2002

 Age (>  55)

7.354b

1.807

5.174a

 Gender

2.638

11.002b

11.879b

 Marital status

4.433

6.426

1.80

 Disease stage

6.135

7.196a

11.217b

 Pain

47.456b

2.100

6.973b

 Residence

2.831

2.698

1.530

 Occupation

2.704

1.879

6.813a

 Education background

1.801

1.517

2.269

 Religious belief

0.841

1.975

1.482

 Source of medical costs

8.700

5.240

4.715

a: p < 0.05

b: p < 0.01

PG-SGA: Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment

NRS2002: Nutritional Risk Screening 2002

DT: Distress Thermometer

Discussion

In this cross-sectional study, we found that psychological distress in cancer patients was common (39.5%). Positive results which arose from correlation analyses suggested that the nutritional status might have a positive relationship with psychological level (p < 0.001). The factors associated with distress in cancer patients were old age and pain. Age, gender, disease stage, pain, and occupation might affect their nutritional status.

The prevalence of distress was 39.5% in our survey. Previous studies which used other psychological assessment scales reported similar results, for example, the percentage of cancer patients with psychological distress measured by the Brief Symptom Inventory-18 was reported as 37.8% [24], and by Self-Rating-Depression-Scale (SDS) the prevalence was 34.3% [25]. Detection rate of distress in cancer patients ranged from 3 to 31% measured by Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) [25].

The mildly positive associations between DT scores and PG-SGA scores (r = 0.148, p < 0.001) and between DT scores and NRS2002 scores (r = 0.142, p < 0.001) implicated that malnutrition was independently correlated to psychological distress. Several previous studies have reported similar results in breast, lung and head and neck cancer patients [16, 26, 27], especially in patients who were treated with radiation therapy [16]. However, causality between these two factors is not clear yet. Previous studies have reported that pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and INF-γ [28–31], were associated with depressive symptoms in cancer patients. Depression, fatigue and cognitive impairment, were the systemic effects of these cytokines, which might influence the quality of life of patients before, during and after treatment [29]. Psychological factors such as patient’s acceptance of the severity of disease and any concomitant change in behavior might also contribute to the link between these two syndromes [16]. Further studies are needed to clarify these problems.

Moreover, correlation analyses and chi-square tests (see Table 4) showed that age and pain were the influence factors of DT scores. Age, gender, disease stage, pain and occupation could influence NRS2002 and PG-SGA scores. Several studies have reported that both pain and age have independent correlations with DT scores [1, 3, 4], which was in accordance with our study. Besides PG-SGA and NRS2002, mini nutritional assessment and malnutrition screening tools are also widely accepted nutritional scales in clinical practice. Previous researches using these scales found that nutritional status in patients with cancer could be influenced by age, gender and pain [32–34], but few of them mentioned the effect of occupation. In our study, we considered that occupation was related to economic conditions and working duration of the patients, thus might influence their diet structures which play a role in their nutritional status.

There were several limitations in our study. Firstly, this study was a cross-sectional study, which could only provide clues for a causality relationship between these two factors. Whether malnutrition caused distress or distress led to malnutrition was unknown and had to be further confirmed by a follow-up study. Secondly, our study was a single-center research and most participants were with heavily pre-treated diseases, whereas a multi-center study would be more supportive of our results. Thirdly, this study was a questionnaire-based survey, and interview-based surveys would be more reliable though time-consuming and energy-consuming. Finally, our study included various types of cancer and we didn’t analyze every one of them. To further elucidate the relationship of malnutrition and distress, future researches are still in demand.

Conclusions

Detecting distress in patients early was possible with various scales. The results of our study might help to provide new ideas of diagnosis and treatment of distress. As a large proportion of patients with cancer had a DT score of 4 or above, it was meaningful for health care providers to intervene in their psychological problems. Social workers may provide counselling about certain psychosocial problems, and psychologists may offer help in addressing more serious problems. What’s more, malnutrition was closely related to distress in cancer patients, indicating that food-based interventions were needed to improve psychological status of cancer patients. Our manuscript highlights the need of an interdisciplinary collaboration plan made by physicians, nurses, dietitians, social workers, psychologists etc. to maintain an acceptable quality of life and improve clinical outcomes of patients.

Notes

Abbreviations

DT: 

Distress Thermometer

NRS2002: 

Nutritional Risk Screening 2002

PG-SGA: 

Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment

Declarations

Acknowledgements

None.

Funding

None.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Authors contributions

CJZ provided the idea and wrote the article. BQW partially collected data and performed the statistical analysis, helped with the final revision of the article. YG partially collected and analyzed the data. XLM interpreted the data and modified the article. All authors reviewed the manuscript and approved the final manuscript.

Ethical approval and consent to participate

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of West China Hospital, and written informed consent was obtained from all the participants.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests..

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Authors’ Affiliations

(1)
Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
(2)
Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
(3)
West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
(4)
West China Hospital, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China

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