Bosman FT, Carneim F, Hruban RH, Theise ND: WHO Classification of Tumours of the Digestive System. 2010, Lyon: IARC Press
Google Scholar
Hauso O, Gustafsson BI, Kidd M, Waldum HL, Drozdov I, Chan AK, Modlin IM: Neuroendocrine tumor epidemiology: contrasting Norway and NorthAmerica. Cancer. 2008, 113: 2655-2664. 10.1002/cncr.23883.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chung WK, Yang JH, Chang SE, Lee MW, Choi JH, Moon KC, Koh JK: A case of cutaneous metastasis of small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Am J Dermatopathol. 2008, 30: 636-638.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fogaça MF, Fedorciw BJ, Tahan SR, Johnson R, Federman M: Cutaneous metastasis of neuroendocrine carcinoma of uterine origin. J Cutan Pathol. 1993, 20: 455-458. 10.1111/j.1600-0560.1993.tb00671.x.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lee WJ, Kim CH, Chang SE, Lee MW, Choi JH, Moon KC, Koh JK: Cutaneous metastasis from large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder expressing CK20 and TTF-1. Am J Dermatopathol. 2009, 31: 166-169. 10.1097/DAD.0b013e31818eba4c.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Luh JY, Han ES, Simmons JR, Whitehead RP: Poorly differentiated colon carcinoma with neuroendocrine features presenting with hypercalcemia and cutaneous metastases: case report and review of the literature. Am J Clin Oncol. 2002, 25: 160-163. 10.1097/00000421-200204000-00011.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Strosberg JR, Coppola D, Klimstra DS, Phan AT, Kulke MH, Wiseman GA, Kvols LK: The NANETS consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of poorly differentiated (high-grade) extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas. Pancreas. 2010, 39: 799-800. 10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181ebb56f.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Yao JC, Hassan M, Phan A, Dagohoy C, Leary C, Mares JE, Abdalla EK, Fleming JB, Vauthey JN, Rashid A, Evans DB: One hundred years after carcinoid: epidemiology of and prognostic factors for neuroendocrine tumors in 35, 825 cases in the United States. J Clin Oncol. 2008, 26: 3063-3072. 10.1200/JCO.2007.15.4377.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Niederle MB, Hackl M, Kaserer K, Niederle B: Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours: the current incidence and staging based on the WHO and European Neuroendocrine Tumour Society classification: an analysis based on prospectively collected parameters. Endocr Relat Canc. 2010, 17: 909-918. 10.1677/ERC-10-0152.
Article
Google Scholar
Ahlman H, Nilsson O, McNicol AM, Ruszniewski P, Niederle B, Ricke J, Jensen R, Kos-Kudła B, Oberg K, O'Connor JM, Pavel ME, Vullierme MP: Poorly-differentiated endocrine carcinomas of midgut and hindgut origin. Neuroendocrinology. 2008, 87: 40-46. 10.1159/000109976.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Brenner B, Tang LH, Klimstra DS, Kelsen DP: Small-cell carcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract: a review. J Clin Oncol. 2004, 22: 2730-2739. 10.1200/JCO.2004.09.075.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sorbye H, Welin S, Langer SW, Vestermark LW, Holt N, Osterlund P, Dueland S, Hofsli E, Guren MG, Ohrling K, Birkemeyer E, Thiis-Evensen E, Biagini M, Gronbaek H, Soveri LM, Olsen IH, Federspiel B, Assmus J, Janson ET, Knigge U: Predictive and prognostic factors for treatment and survival in 305 patients with advanced gastrointestinal neuroendocrine carcinoma (WHO G3): The NORDIC NEC study. Ann Oncol. 2013, 24: 152-160. 10.1093/annonc/mds276.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lindholm DP, Oberg K: Biomarkers and molecular imaging in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Horm Metab Res. 2011, 43: 832-837.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Korse CM, Taal BG, Vincent A, van Velthuysen ML, Baas P, Buning-Kager JC, Linders TC, Bonfrer JM: Choice of tumourmarkers in patients with neuroendocrinetumours is dependent on the histologicalgrade. A marker study of Chromogranin A, Neuron specific enolase, Progastrin-releasing peptide and cytokeratin fragments. Eur J Cancer. 2012, 48: 662-671. 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.08.012.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Klimstra DS, Modlin IR, Coppola D, Lloyd RV, Suster S: The pathologic classification of neuroendocrine tumors: a review of nomenclature, grading, and staging systems. Pancreas. 2010, 39: 707-712. 10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181ec124e.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chan JK, Suster S, Wenig BM, Tsang WY, Chan JB, Lau AL: Cytokeratin 20 immunoreactivity distinguishes Merkel cell (primary cutaneous neuroendocrine) carcinomas and salivary gland small cell carcinomas from small cell carcinomas of various sites. Am J Surg Pathol. 1997, 21: 226-234. 10.1097/00000478-199702000-00014.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Saqi A, Alexis D, Remotti F, Bhagat G: Usefulness of CDX2 and TTF-1 in differentiating gastrointestinal from pulmonary carcinoids. Am J Clin Pathol. 2005, 123: 394-404. 10.1309/UKN6PVRKXHG422DA.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lin X, Saad RS, Luckasevic TM, Silverman JF, Liu Y: Diagnostic value of CDX-2 and TTF-1 expressions in separating metastatic neuroendocrine neoplasm of unknown origin. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2007, 15: 407-414. 10.1097/01.pai.0000210416.53493.0f.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mitry E, Baudin E, Ducreux M, Sabourin JC, Rufié P, Aparicio T, Aparicio T, Lasser P, Elias D, Duvillard P, Schlumberger M, Rougier P: Treatment of poorly differentiated neuroendocrine tumours with etoposide and cisplatin. Br J Canc. 1999, 81: 1351-1355. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690325.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Di Meglio G, Massacesi C, Radice D, Boselli S, Pelosi G, Squadroni M, Spada F, Lorizzo K, De Braud FG, Fazio N: Carboplatin with etoposide in patients with extrapulmonary”aggressive”neuroendocrine carcinoma [meeting abstract]. J Clin Oncol. 2010, 28 (Suppl 15): e13072-
Google Scholar
Okita NT, Kato K, Takahari D, Hirashima Y, Nakajima TE, Matsubara J, Hamaguchi T, Yamada Y, Shimada Y, Taniguchi H, Shirao K: Neuroendocrine tumors of the stomach: chemotherapy with cisplatin plus irinotecan is effective for gastric poorly-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma. Gastric Canc. 2011, 14: 161-165. 10.1007/s10120-011-0025-5.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Yagamuchi T, Machida N, Kasuga A, Takahashi H, Sudo K, Nishina T, Tobimatsu K, Furuse J, Boku N: Multiple retrospective analysis of systemic chemotherapy in poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma of the digestive system [meeting abstract]. J Clin Oncol. 2012, 30 (Suppl 4): 274-
Google Scholar
Welin S, Sorbye H, Sebjornsen S, Knappskog S, Busch C, Oberg K: Clinical effect of temozolomide based chemotherapy in poorly differentiated endocrine carcinoma after progression on first-line chemotherapy. Cancer. 2011, 117: 4617-4622. 10.1002/cncr.26124.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yao JC, Shah MH, Ito T, Bohas CL, Wolin EM, Van Cutsem E, Hobday TJ, Okusaka T, Capdevila J, de Vries EG, Tomassetti P, Pavel ME, Hoosen S, Haas T, Lincy J, Lebwohl D, Öberg K: Everolimus for advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. N Engl J Med. 2011, 364: 514-523. 10.1056/NEJMoa1009290.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Pavel ME, Hainsworth JD, Baudin E, Peeters M, Hörsch D, Winkler RE, Klimovsky J, Lebwohl D, Jehl V, Wolin EM, Oberg K, Van Cutsem E, Yao JC: Everolimus plus octreotide long-acting repeatable for the treatment of advanced neuroendocrine tumours associated with carcinoid syndrome (RADIANT-2): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study. Lancet. 2011, 378: 2005-2012. 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61742-X.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Arnold R, Simon B, Wield M: Treatment of neuroendocrine GEP tumours with somatostatin analogues:a review. Digestion. 2000, 62 (Suppl 1): 84-91.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lamberts SWJ, Krenning EP, Reubi JC: The role of somatostain and its analogs in the diagnosis and treatments of tumors. Endocrinol Rev. 1991, 12: 450-482. 10.1210/edrv-12-4-450.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Arnold R, Trautmann ME, Creutzfeldt W, Benning R, Benning M, Neuhaus C, Jürgensen R, Stein K, Schäfer H, Bruns C, Dennler HJ: Somatostatin analogue octreotide and inhibition of tumour growth in metastatic endocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors. Gut. 1996, 38: 430-438. 10.1136/gut.38.3.430.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
di Bartolomeo M, Bajetta E, Buzzoni R, Mariani L, Carnaghi C, Somma L, Zilembo N, di Leo A: Clinical efficacy of octreotide in the treatment of metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. A study by the Italian Trials in Medical Oncology Group. Cancer. 1996, 77: 402-408. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19960115)77:2<402::AID-CNCR25>3.0.CO;2-4.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Aparicio T, Ducreux M, Baudin E, Sabourin JC, De Baere T, Mitry E, Schlumberger M, Rougier P: Antitumor activity of somatostatin analogues in progressive metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. Eur J Canc. 2001, 37: 1014-1019. 10.1016/S0959-8049(01)00073-9.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Brizzi MP, Berruti A, Ferrero A, Milanesi E, Volante M, Castiglione F, Birocco N, Bombaci S, Perroni D, Ferretti B, Alabiso O, Ciuffreda L, Bertetto O, Papotti M, Dogliotti L: Continuous 5-fluorouracil infusion plus long acting octreotide in advanced well-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas. A phase II trial of the Piemonte oncology network. BMC Canc. 2009, 3: 388-
Article
Google Scholar
Correale P, Sciandivasci A, Intrivici C, Pascucci A, Del Vecchio MT, Marsili S, Savelli V, Voltolini L, Di Bisceglie M, Guarnieri A, Gotti G, Francini G: Chemo-hormone therapy of non well-differentiated endocrine tumours from different anatomic sites with cisplatinum, etoposide and slow release lanreotide formulation. Br J Canc. 2007, 96: 1343-1347.
CAS
Google Scholar
Raymond E, Dahan L, Raoul JL, Bang YJ, Borbath I, Lombard-Bohas C, Valle J, Metrakos P, Smith D, Vinik A, Chen JS, Hörsch D, Hammel P, Wiedenmann B, Van Cutsem E, Patyna S, Lu DR, Blanckmeister C, Chao R, Ruszniewski P: Sunitinib malate for the treatment of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. N Engl J Med. 2011, 364: 501-513. 10.1056/NEJMoa1003825.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Binderup T, Knigge U, Loft A, Federspiel B, Kjaer A: 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography predicts survival of patients with neuroendocrine tumors. Clin Canc Res. 2010, 16: 978-985. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-1759.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Rothenstein J, Cleary SP, Pond GR, Dale D, Gallinger S, Moore MJ, Brierley J, Siu LL: Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract: a decade of experience at the Princess Margaret Hospital. Am J Clin Oncol. 2008, 31: 64-70. 10.1097/COC.0b013e31807a2f49.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Walenkamp AM, Sonke GS, Sleijfer DT: Clinical and therapeutic aspects of extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma. Canc Treat Rev. 2009, 35: 228-236. 10.1016/j.ctrv.2008.10.007.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar