The survival and the long-term trends of patients with gastric cancer in Shanghai, China

Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide, accounting for about 8% of all new cancer cases [1]. In recent decades, the morbidity and mortality of gastric cancer have fallen down dramatically, with the decline first taking place in the countries with low incidence while the decline in the regions with high incidence was relatively slow [2–4]. Compared with the steady decrease in the United States and European countries, the incidence of gastric cancer remains high in the Far East areas, where up to 100 cases per 100000 populations are reported annually [4]. Despite an overall decrease of incident gastric cancer has been observed in China, the decline was less dramatic than other countries and even there was an increase in the youngest and oldest groups [5].

In recent years, prognosis of patients with gastric cancer has improved significantly [6]. Like other health indices, information on survival statistics is an important component in monitoring cancer control activities, which may suggest possible reasons for the variations and provide targets for the improvement towards them. Based on the registry database of gastric cancer in Shanghai of China since 1970s, we performed the current descriptive study. The aim of this study is to present the survival data and to illuminate relevant trends as well as the age, sex, stage of disease and tumor sites specific characteristics.

Shanghai is situated on the bank of the Yangtz River Delta of Eastern China, which is the largest city in China and the eighth largest city in the world, with a population of 14.0 million (2010 year-end registered population). It includes urban and suburb areas, where the urban covers 9 districts locating in the center of the municipality, and the suburb covers the other 9 districts. The data of gastric cancer for this study were derived from the Shanghai Cancer Registry Center (SCRC), compiled by the Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The SCRC was established in the 1960s, which has been contributing data to the quinquennial IARC publication Cancer Incidence in Five Continents since Vol. IV [7]. The main source of information on cancer cases was the notification card consisting of basic information for cancer registration that was sent to the SCRC. The residential status of cancer cases was confirmed by home-visits [7]. We obtained the follow-up data of gastric cancer patients diagnosed in 2002–2003 for survival trend analysis, as well as previous published survival data of the other four periods (1972–1976, 1980–1984, 1988–1991, and 1992–1995) which were referred to the “Cancer incidence, mortality and survival rates in urban Shanghai (1973–2000)” [8] and “Cancer survival in Shanghai, China (1992–1995) [9]. We identified the gastric cancer cases using the 10th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (code C16) [10]. The cancer registry has been using AJCC/UICC TNM staging system in combination with the clinical stages classification system (I-IV).

Patients reported to SCRC were followed up for confirmed diagnosis and survival. The methods of follow-up have been a mixture of both active and passive ones. With passive follow-up, information on death is routinely obtained from the death certificates in the vital statistical section of Shanghai CDC. Through this approach, patients whose death information has not been received may be considered to be “alive” until that point of time. Furthermore, the mortality data are periodically matched with the incident database of cancers. The vital status of the unmatched incident cases is then verified by home visits or postal/telephone enquiries. Active follow-up is necessary in the absence of reliable health information. Reports of deaths from hospitals, living status from the community, or loss to follow-up were updated until December 31, 2010. The censor was defined as still alive at the closing date, or lost to follow-up or died by other causes other than gastric cancer. The survival probability was estimated using random censoring data. In the study, a total of 61140 gastric cancer cases were included for the above-mentioned five periods (Additional file 1: Table S1), among which 10909 cases were registered during the period of 2002 to 2003. The study was approved by the Ethical Review Committee at Shanghai Municipal CDC [11].

Both observed and relative survival probabilities were estimated. Life tables were constructed to calculate the cumulative probability of survival at time t_i+1 from the conditional probabilities of survival during consecutive intervals of follow-up time up to and including t_i+1. Relative survival is a measure of net survival calculated by comparing observed survival with expected survival from a comparable set of people that do not have cancer. It is used to measure the excess mortality that is associated with a cancer diagnosis, and is designed to exclude the effect arising from different background mortalities. The relative survival (R_i) for a group of patients at the end of an interval beginning at time t_i was defined as ${\mathit{R}}_{\mathit{i}}=\frac{{\mathit{S}}_{\mathit{i}}}{{\mathit{S}}_{\mathit{i}}^{*}}$, where S_i was the absolute survival for subjects with a gastric cancer and S_i ^* was the expected survival of a group of individuals with the same demographic characteristics (age, and sex, etc.) who were at risk of death only from causes other than the cancer under study. Chi-Square test was used to compare the distribution between males and females. Furthermore, Log rank test was used to compare the survival rates with 95% confidence interval (CI). Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for the publication of this report and any accompanying images.

In this longitudinal study of gastric cancer based on Shanghai Cancer Registry database, we observed a declining trend of survival probability with the increase of patient’s age and clinical stages at the time of diagnosis. Long-term survival of gastric cancer varied among different tumor sites. The worst prognosis was observed in patients with cardia cancer. By using a long-term survival analysis on the longitudinal survival data from 1972 to 2003, we depicted that the survival probability of patients with gastric cancer in Shanghai has improved significantly during the last decades.

Gastric cancer remains a major public health issue ranking the fourth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide [4]. National mortality surveys conducted in 1970s and 1990s in China, revealed an obvious cluster of geographical distribution of gastric cancer in the country, with the highest mortality mostly locating in rural areas, especially in the areas of the middle-western part of China. Despite a slight increase from the 1970s to the early 1990s, remarkable declines in gastric cancer mortality were noticed in almost the entire population in China. These declines were largely due to the dramatic improvements in the social-economic environment, lifestyle, nutrition, education, and health care system after economic reforms started decades ago [12]. Nevertheless, gastric cancer remains a cancer burden currently and be one of the key issues in cancer prevention and control strategy in China [12, 13].

Data from this study revealed that the survival rate of gastric cancer patients in Shanghai was still poor. It was a little higher than that of America and some European countries [14–16], but much lower than that in Japan and Korea [17–19]. In this study, we used both observed survival rate and relative survival rate to estimate the prognosis of gastric cancer. Relative survival rate which is calculated by dividing observed survival rate by expected survival rate is designed for cancer survival studies, in order to exclude the effect resulting from different background mortalities. The 5-years relative survival rate is commonly used to monitor the progress of cancer and it reasonably indicates the average survival experience of cancer patients in a given population [20]. During the last decades over the four observation periods of 1972–1976, 1980–1984, 1988–1991, and 2002–2003, the 5-years relative survival rate of gastric cancer increased from 12% to 30% among male patients and from 11% to 32% among female patients, which seemed to be more significant than those observed in the European countries [21].

Gender difference of long-term survival of gastric cancer was not obvious in Shanghai, which was similar to the findings from other studies [22]. The prognosis of gastric cancer is closely related to the stage of disease at diagnosis. In stage I, cancer has formed in the inside lining of the mucosa (innermost layer) of the stomach wall, whereas in stage IV, cancer has spread to distant parts of the body. Early gastric cancer, whereby disease is limited to mucosa and submucosa, confers a survival rate of greater than 90% in 5 years in many centers [23]. Our study further proved that the detection of gastric cancer in the early stage is vitally important in ensuring an excellent prognosis. Every effort needs to be made to facilitate the early diagnosis of gastric cancer with aims to prolong patient’s survival time and quality of life [23]. Epidemiologic evidence supports the classification of gastric cancer into two biologically distinct disease entities, those occurring proximally (cardia) and distally (noncardia). Though carcinomas of the cardia and stomach are frequently grouped together in epidemiologic statistics, they are clearly distinct diseases [24]. Epidemiological and clinical studies have led some authors to suggest that tumors located at the esophageal-gastric junction are distinct from other tumors located in the esophagus or distal stomach, with differing risk factors, tumor characteristics, and biological behavior [25, 26]. The association between tumor located at the esophageal-gastric junction and more advanced disease stage has been reported elsewhere and some authors have attributed these findings to more aggressive behavior of junctional tumor [26]. Junctional tumors are associated with adverse prognosis compared with other esophageal and gastric cancers. The anatomical site of these tumors potentially allows tumor spread to lymph nodes located above or below the diaphragm [27]. It is feasible that tumors located in cardia are more aggressive than the ones of distal stomach, and the former ones are usually diagnosed at advanced stage [28, 29]. Our study also demonstrated this situation that the 5-years relative survival rate of cardia cancer was the lowest compared with other tumor sites.

One strength of our study was that the databases were acquired from the Shanghai Cancer Registry, the oldest population based cancer registry in mainland China. The registry has contributed data on survival from cancer sites or types registered during 1988–1991 to the first volume of IARC publication on Cancer. Survival data obtained from a population-based cancer registry ideally portrays the average outcome of the disease which avoids the selective bias commonly appears in hospital sourced cases. Comparing to clinical survival study providing information about the treatment, the population-based survival study can evaluate the effectiveness of healthcare systems [30, 31]. Besides, population-based cancer registration is necessary to monitor cancer incidence and estimate cancer prevalence [32].

One limitation of this study is that there were 58.4% patients reported with unknown stages. It might be attributed to missing information or patients with unresected cancers. If these cases with unknown stages were gastric cancer patients unable to be surgically resected (so, without TNM stage), usually the survival rate was not far from that of patients with stage IV cases. In this study, their survival was not far from that of stage III, suggesting that most of cases correspond to missing information. Unfortunately, we couldn’t distinguish them based on the current database because all these patients were registered as NOS in the notification cards reported 10 years ago. Secondly, it has been reported that cancer site-related factors may influence the outcome. However, due to the retrospective nature of the present study, we failed to obtain all the needed information for the sites which could have contributed to the bias in estimating the survival rate and thus the influence on the outcome. Thirdly, in the present study, we chose the “classical” relative survival method for cancer survival estimation which may not correctly estimate the net survival, whenever a factor influences jointly the mortality due to cancer or the population life tables used for other-cause mortality. The “net” survival developed by Pohar et al. might be an alternative way used in the future to replace the relative survival in population-based studies [33].

In conclusion, the survival probability of patients with gastric cancer in Shanghai has improved significantly during the last decades. Age, stage and site of tumor have impacts on patient’s prognosis. Information from this study is useful for understanding survival differences that are influenced by changing prevention and treatment strategies.