Retrospective exploratory analysis of VEGF polymorphisms in the prediction of benefit from first-line FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab in metastatic colorectal cancer
Molecular predictors of bevacizumab efficacy in colorectal cancer have not been identified yet. Specific VEGF polymorphisms may affect gene transcription and therefore indirectly influence the efficacy of bevacizumab.
Methods
Genomic DNA of 111 consecutive metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with first-line FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab was obtained from blood samples. VEGF -2578 C/A, -1498 C/T, + 405 C/G, + 936 C/T polymorphisms were analyzed by means of PCR-RFLP. DNA samples from 107 patients treated with FOLFIRI alone served as historical control group. The relation of VEGF polymorphisms with PFS, evaluated through Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test, was the primary end-point. An interaction test with a Cox model has been performed in order to demonstrate the heterogeneity of the effect of VEGF -1498 C/T polymorphism between bevacizumab-and control group.
Results
In the bevacizumab-group median PFS and OS of patients carrying VEGF -1498 C/C, C/T and T/T allelic variants were, respectively, 12.8, 10.5, 7.5 months (p = 0.0046, log-rank test) and 27.3, 20.5, 18.6 months (p = 0.038, log-rank test). VEGF -1498 T/T genotype was associated with shorter PFS (HR = 2.13, [1.41-5.10], p = 0.0027). In the control group no significant association of VEGF -1498 C/T allelic variants and PFS or OS was found. Interaction between VEGF -1498 C/T variants and treatment effect suggested that the relation of VEGF -1498 T/T genotype with shorter PFS was caused by the effect of bevacizumab (p = 0.011). Other investigated polymorphisms did not affect the outcome.
Conclusions
These data suggest a possible role for VEGF -1498 C/T variants in predicting the efficacy of bevacizumab in the up-front treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer patients. A molecular tool for selecting subjects candidate to benefit from the anti-VEGF could be important for clinical practice. The retrospective and exploratory design of the present study, coupled with the non-randomized nature of the comparison between treated and untreated patients, imply that these results should be considered as hypothesis generators. A prospective validating trial is currently ongoing.
Background
The therapeutic approach to metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients has progressively changed in the last few years, thanks to the introduction of biologic drugs in the daily practice, such as cetuximab, a monoclonal antibody (MoAb) directed against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and bevacizumab, a MoAb that blocks the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [1].
While it has been proven that cetuximab is not active in patients bearing KRAS mutant tumours [2, 3], even if a recent analysis suggests that this could not be true for G13D mutations [4], up today there are no predictive biomarkers of bevacizumab efficacy. Therefore the anti-VEGF MoAb therapy is currently approved for the treatment of mCRC in association with fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy without any molecular selection [5].
Bevacizumab has a well-known toxicity profile causing adverse events such as bleeding, gastrointestinal perforation, arterial and venous thromboembolism, hypertension, proteinuria and wound-healing complications [6, 7]. Hence, possible predictors of the efficacy of bevacizumab are needed to avoid serious adverse events at least in those patients with low chances of benefit. Up to now such determinants have not been individuated yet, despite several attempts [8–10]. Moreover, it should be considered that for KRAS wild-type patients the knowledge a priori of an intrinsic resistance to bevacizumab would lead the therapeutic choice toward the alternative option of administering the anti-EGFR cetuximab.
Many studies have demonstrated that specific VEGF single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may affect gene transcription with a consequent variable production of VEGF and a putative effect on pathogenesis as well as on evolution of disorders in which angiogenesis is critical [11–14]. The predictive and prognostic role of some VEGF SNPs has been retrospectively investigated in genomic DNA-since it has been demonstrated that the host angiogenic genotype imprints the tumor genotype [15]-of metastatic breast [16], ovarian [17], pancreatic [18] and colon cancer [19] patients treated with bevacizumab. The results regarding different polymorphisms were heterogeneous, inconclusive and inapplicable to clinical practice and often lacked of a comparison with an untreated control group. Nevertheless, it should be considered that the effect of specific genetic variants may differ among different diseases as well as on the basis of which chemotherapy is administerd together with the anti-VEGF. On the basis of such considerations, we conducted a retrospective study in order to investigate the role of four VEGF SNPs in predicting the efficacy of bevacizumab added to FOLFIRI as first-line treatment of mCRC patients [11, 13]. The selected polymorphisms were: -2578 C/A (rs699947) and -1498 C/T (rs833061) in the promoter region; + 405 G/C (rs2010963) in the 5' untraslated region (UTR) and + 936 C/T (rs3025039) in the 3' UTR. Such allelic variants were assessed both in a population who had received FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab as first-line regimen (bevacizumab-group) and in a historical cohort of patients treated with FOLFIRI only in order to evaluate the possible interaction between VEGF SNPs and treatment effect.
Methods
Study population
Consecutive patients with histologically confirmed, metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma receiving first-line FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab in 5 Italian Oncology Units, from December 2005 until November 2008 were included in the bevacizumab-group. The following basal characteristics were collected: sex, age (≤ or > 65 years), ECOG performance status (PS), primary tumor site (colon or rectum), surgery on primary tumor (yes or no), mucinous histology (yes or no), previous adjuvant chemotherapy (yes or no), time to metastases (synchronous or metachronous), number of involved organs (single or multiple), liver-only metastases (yes or no), baseline haemoglobin level (< or ≥ 11 g/dl), baseline leukocytes number (> or ≤ upper limit of normal, ULN), baseline lactate dehydrogenase (> or ≤ ULN), baseline alkaline phosphatase (> or ≤ ULN), baseline albumin level (< or ≥ lower limit of normal), baseline carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA, < or ≥ 100 ng/ml) and Köhne prognostic score [20].
A historical cohort of 107 patients treated from January 2001 until November 2006 with first-line FOLFIRI alone served as control group.
According to RECIST criteria version 1.0 [21], all patients were evaluated for response, progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Bevacizumab-related toxicities were reported according to National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria version 3.0 (NCI-CTCAEv3.0) [22].
Blood samples stored at -20°C were available for molecular analyses. Patients' written informed consent was required before entering the study.
The study was approved by local Ethic Committee.
Genotyping
Genomic DNA was extracted from 1 ml of peripheral-blood samples using the "salting out" method [23]. VEGF -2578 C/A (rs699947), -1498 C/T (rs833061), + 405 C/G (rs2010963) and + 936 C/T (rs3025039) polymorphisms were investigated by means of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment lenght polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique (primers' sequences and restriction enzymes are specified in Table 1). Genotyping was performed by laboratory personnel blinded to patients clinical outcome.
Table 1
Primers and restriction enzymes used for the analysis of VEGF polymorphisms
Primers
Restriction enzyme
Reference SNP
VEGF -1498 C/T
F:5'-TGT GCG TGT GGG GTT GAG CG
R:5'-TAC GTG CGG ACA GGG CCT GA
BstUI
rs833061
VEGF + 405 C/G
F:5'-ATT TAT TTT TGC TTG CCA TT
R:5'-GTC TGT CTG TCT GTC CGT CA
BsmFI
rs2010963
VEGF -2578 C/A
F:5'-GGC CTT AGG ACA CCA TAC C
R:5'-CAC AGC TTC TCC CCT ATC C
BstYI
rs699947
VEGF + 936 C/T
F:5'-AAG GAA GAG GAG ACT CTG CGC AGA GC
R:5'-TAA ATG TAT GTA TGT GGG TGG GTG TGT CAT CAG G
NlaIII
rs3025039
Statistical Analysis
The primary end-point of this retrospective analysis was the relation of VEGF polymorphisms with PFS. The secondary end-point were the relation with OS, response rate (RR) and toxicity. PFS was defined as the time from the beginning of the treatment until the first observation of disease progression or death from any cause. Patients who underwent secondary radical surgery on metastases were censored at the time of surgery. OS was defined as the time from the beginning of the treatment until death from any cause.
All polymorphisms were examined for deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) by comparing actual allelic distributions with those expected from HWE using a χ2-test.
A two-sided Fisher's exact test was used to evaluate the association of investigated genotypes and toxicities with RR. In both groups, Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were adopted to conduct an explorative analysis with the aim of estimating the importance of each clinical, pathological and genomic feature in predicting Hazard Ratios (HR) for progression and death. The most relevant covariates (those showing a p value < 0.10) were used to fit a Cox proportional hazard model. The heterogeneity of the effect of VEGF -1498 C/T polymorphism between bevacizumab-and control group was explored by using a statistical test for interaction, applied through a Cox model for PFS and OS. Inference on parameters of the Cox model was obtained using nonparametric bootstrap with 20000 Monte Carlo replications.
Results
One-hundred eleven patients were included in the bevacizumab-group and received bevacizumab in combination with FOLFIRI [24] every two weeks. Patients' clinical characteristics and genotype frequencies are resumed in Table 2. All analyzed polymorphisms showed no deviation from HWE. Nine (8%), ten (9%) and 1 (1%) patients respectively developed G1, G2 and G3 hypertension during the treatment with bevacizumab. Two bowel perforations (2%), 2 arterial (2%) and 6 venous (5%) thrombotic events were observed. Out of 111 patients, 56 were partial responders and 13 were complete responders, for a global RR of 62%. Twenty-nine (26%) patients obtained a disease stabilization, with a disease control rate of 88%. At a median follow up of 13.6 months, median PFS and median OS were 10.2 and 22.2 months respectively.
Table 2
Association of clinical, pathological and genomic characteristics with PFS and OS in bevacizumab group
Characteristics
N
(111)
Progression Free Survival
Overall Survival
HR
95% CI
P
HR
95% CI
p
Sex
Females
54
1
1
Males
57
0.86
0.52-1.41
0.535
1.17
0.57-2.40
0.669
Age
≤ 65 years
64
1
1
>65 years
47
1.19
0.72-1.99
0.487
1.25
0.60-2.70
0.528
ECOG PS
0
102
1
1
1-2
9
0.95
0.43-2.04
0.877
0.42
0.18-1.45
0.207
Primary tumor
Colon
82
1
1
Rectum
29
1.15
0.66-2.00
0.612
2.70
0.99-4.86
0.052
Mucinous histology
No
96
1
1
Yes
15
2.16
1.23-7.12
0.015
3.21
1.99-14.98
0.001
Previous adjuvant CT
No
66
1
1
Yes
45
1.84
1.17-3.37
0.011
1.25
0.60-2.69
0.531
Time to metastases
Metachronous
50
1
1
Synchronous
61
0.67
0.40-1.09
0.103
0.93
0.44-1.95
0.849
No. of metastatic sites
1
57
1
1
>1
54
1.22
0.75-2.02
0.421
1.77
0.85-3.62
0.130
Liver-only metastases
No
74
1
1
Yes
37
0.84
0.49-1.43
0.521
0.93
0.43-2.01
0.844
Resected primary tumor
No
15
1
1
Yes
96
2.11
0.99-3.40
0.052
1.09
0.34-3.48
0.887
High LDH level
No
69
1
1
Yes
31
0.86
0.48-1.50
0.574
1.41
0.64-3.26
0.376
Unknown
11
High CEA level
No
86
1
1
Yes
23
0.69
0.39-1.20
0.183
0.65
0.28-1.61
0.375
Unknown
2
Low HgB level
No
93
1
1
Yes
18
0.70
0.38-1.29
0.250
0.63
0.26-1.65
0.371
Leukocytosis
No
102
1
1
Yes
9
1.29
0.55-3.19
0.526
2.43
0.84-17.91
0.083
High ALP level
No
82
1
1
Yes
18
0.86
0.46-1.61
0.638
1.48
0.62-3.88
0.343
Low Albumin level
No
89
1
1
Yes
8
0.93
0.38-2.30
0.874
1.25
0.26-6.43
0.757
Unknown
14
Köhne score
Low
57
1
1
Intermediate-High
51
1.21
0.74-2.01
0.438
1.80
0.86-3.69
0.119
Unknown
3
-2578
A/A
16
1
1
A/C
60
1.02
0.50-2.07
0.959
1.19
0.41-3.38
0.753
C/C
35
1.53
0.74-3.26
0.246
1.36
0.42-4.65
0.581
-1498
C/C
22
1
1
C/T
60
1.82
0.98-3.55
0.056
2.49
0.98-6.16
0.056
T/T
29
2.65
1.49-6.62
0.003
2.47
0.91-7.76
0.074
+ 405
G/G
39
1
1
G/C
54
1.08
0.62-1.90
0.783
1.29
0.57-2.93
0.531
C/C
18
1.11
0.52-2.39
0.771
1.36
0.47-4.12
0.544
+ 936
T/T
2
1
1
C/T
31
1.38
0.35-5.38
0.642
1.60
0.27-8.47
0.645
C/C
78
1.04
0.25-4.35
0.955
1.39
0.23-7.96
0.741
Baseline characteristics of patients included in the control group are summarized in Table 3.
Table 3
Association of clinical, pathological and genomic characteristics with PFS and OS in the control group
Characteristics
N
(107)
Progression Free Survival
Overall Survival
HR
95% CI
P
HR
95% CI
p
Sex
Females
39
1
1
Males
68
0.97
0.65-1.45
0.893
0.83
0.51-1.30
0.397
Age
≤ 65 years
60
1
1
>65 years
47
0.78
0.51-1.15
0.197
0.94
0.61-1.44
0.782
ECOG PS
0
83
1
1
1-2
24
1.34
0.84-2.31
0.196
2.32
1.68-6.23
0.0004
Previous adjuvant CT
No
75
1
1
Yes
32
1.13
0.74-1.75
0.562
0.77
0.49-1.22
0.268
No. of metastatic sites
1
57
1
1
>1
50
1.10
0.75-1.62
0.632
0.88
0.57-1.34
0.542
Liver-only metastases
No
68
1
1
Yes
39
0.81
0.54-1.19
0.270
0.97
0.63-1.51
0.901
High CEA level
No
85
1
1
Yes
22
1.45
0.91-2.68
0.109
1.91
1.22-4.36
0.010
-1498
C/C
25
1
1
C/T
55
1.09
0.68-1.76
0.719
0.89
0.50-1.55
0.662
T/T
27
0.89
0.50-1.54
0.653
0.73
0.36-1.39
0.311
Univariate Analysis
In the bevacizumab-group mucinous histology was significantly associated with worse PFS (HR = 2.16, 95% CI: 1.23-7.12; p = 0.015) and OS (HR = 3.21, 95% CI: 1.99-14.98; p = 0.001) (Table 2). Patients who had previously received an adjuvant chemotherapy regimen presented an increased risk for progression (HR = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.17-3.37; p = 0.011). Rectal site of primary tumor and baseline leukocytosis predicted shorter OS with a trend toward statistical significance (HR = 2.70, 95% CI: 0.99-4.86; p = 0.052 and HR = 2.43, 95% CI: 0.84-17.91; p = 0.083, respectively) (Table 2).
Among the analyzed VEGF polymorphisms, only -1498 C/T variants were significantly associated with survival. No association with RR was detected. The median PFS of patients carrying VEGF -1498 C/C, C/T and T/T allelic variants was 12.8, 10.5 and 7.5 months respectively (p = 0.0046, log-rank test). Median OS was 27.3, 20.5 and 18.6 months respectively (p = 0.038, log-rank test) (Figure 1-Panels A1, A2). In comparison to patients bearing VEGF -1498 C/C genotype those with-1498 C/T and T/T variants presented a higher risk of progression and death with an additive effect of each T allele (Table 2).
Figure 1
PFS and OS according toVEGF-1498 C/T genotypes in the bevacizumab-group (N = 111, Panels A1 and A2) and in the control group (N = 107, Panels B1 and B2).
Patients bearing VEGF -1498 T/T genotype had significantly shorter PFS and a trend toward worse OS compared to patients carrying at least one C allele (median PFS 7.5 vs 11.1 months; HR = 2.13, 95% CI: 1.41-5.10; p = 0.0027; median OS 18.6 vs 23.1 months; HR = 1.70, 95% CI: 0.79-4.51; p = 0.155) (Figure 2).
Figure 2
PFS (A) and OS (B) of patients withVEGF-1498 T/T versus -1498 C-genotype in the bevacizumab-group (N = 111).
None of VEGF allelic variants was significantly related to specific side-effects (i.e., hypertension, arterial or venous thrombotic events, gastrointestinal perforation).
In the control group (Table 3), among the available clinical and pathological characteristics, only ECOG PS and CEA levels were significantly related with OS. No significant correlation was found with PFS. No significant association of VEGF -1498 C/T polymorphism with PFS or OS was detected (PFS: p = 0.662, log-rank test; OS: p = 0.345, log-rank test) (Figure 1-Panels B1, B2)
Cox model and Interaction Test
At the multivariate analysis, in comparison to VEGF -1498 C/-variants, T/T genotype retained its significant association with worse PFS (HR = 2.28, 95% CI: 1.16-4.19; p = 0.018), that translated into shorter, although not statistically significant, OS (HR = 2.22, 95% CI: 0.54-5.51; p = 0.195) (Table 4).
Table 4
Multivariable Cox regression model, including significant variables at the univariate analysis, and survival in bevacizumab-group
Progression Free Survival (N = 111)
Characteristics
Adjusted HR
95% CI
P
Mucinous histology
No
1
Yes
2.45
1.19-4.44
0.016
Previous adjuvant CT
No
1
Yes
1.49
0.84-2.63
0.166
Resected primary tumor
No
1
Yes
1.59
0.51-3.71
0.383
-1498
C-
1
T/T
2.28
1.16-4.19
0.018
Overall Survival (N = 111)
Characteristics
Adjusted HR
95% CI
p
Primary tumor
Colon
1
Rectum
0.40
0.15-1.60
0.245
Mucinous histology
No
1
Yes
4.22
1.60-9.27
0.009
Leukocytosis
No
1
Yes
3.02
1.03-10.07
0.043
-1498
C-
1
T/T
2.22
0.54-5.51
0.195
Also mucinous histology retained its association with shorter PFS (HR = 2.45, 95%CI: 1.19-4.44; p = 0.016) and OS (HR = 4.22, 95%CI: 1.60-9.27; p = 0.009). The interaction test between VEGF -1498 C/T variants and treatment effect, including both bevacizumab-group and control group, suggested that the relation of VEGF -1498 T/T genotype with poor outcome was significantly associated with the effect of bevacizumab in terms of PFS (p = 0.011) and with a trend toward significance with regard to OS (p = 0.081) (Table 5).
Table 5
Multivariable Cox regression model, including treatment, VEGF -1498 C/T polymorphism and their interaction as covariates
Progression Free Survival
Characteristics
N
Adjusted HR
95% CI
P
Treatment
FOLFIRI
107
1
FOLFIRI + Beva
111
0.48
0.34-0.73
0.0008
Bevacizumab-Group (N = 111)
-1498
C-
82
1
T/T
29
2.97
1.28-6.59
0.011
Control Group (N = 107)
-1498
C-
80
1
T/T
27
0.71
0.38-1.27
0.235
Overall Survival
Characteristics
N
Adjusted HR
95% CI
P
Treatment
FOLFIRI
107
1
FOLFIRI + Beva
111
0.50
0.29-0.94
0.033
Bevacizumab-Group (N = 111)
-1498
C-
82
1
T/T
29
2.60
0.89-8.36
0.081
Control Group (N = 107)
-1498
C-
80
1
T/T
27
0.66
0.31-1.31
0.239
Discussion
Targeting VEGF is an effective strategy to inhibit the process of tumoral neoangiogenesis. Germ-line VEGF SNPs, in particular those affecting protein levels, could theoretically become predictors of VEGF clinical efficacy.
According to the present experience among mCRC patients treated with FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab, VEGF -1498 T/T allelic variant is associated with significantly shorter PFS and with a trend toward shorter OS. Such an exploratory finding at the univariate analysis has been confirmed in the multivariable Cox regression model.
On the other hand, no significant correlation of VEGF -1498 C/T variants with the outcome has been found in the historical control group. Although in terms of PFS the interaction test is statistically significant, thus suggesting that the impact of VEGF -1498 C/T SNP on the clinical outcome might be associated with the effect of bevacizumab, no definitive conclusions can be drawn from such results given the non randomized nature of the comparison. Further elusive results came from several retrospective analyses in different metastatic diseases. The retrospective study by Schneider et al. [16], performed on specimens from advanced breast cancer patients included in the phase III ECOG 2100 trial of paclitaxel plus or minus bevacizumab, found an association between VEGF -1154 A/G and -2578 A/C SNPs and OS among patients treated with the antiangiogenic. The interaction test confirmed the potential predictive value of VEGF -1154 A/G, but not the one of -2578 A/C variants [25]. However, while in ECOG 2100 trial the benefit of the addition of the anti-VEGF to weekly paclitaxel was significant in terms of RR and PFS [26], VEGF -1154 A/G SNP seems to significantly affect only OS, so that its role as predictor of benefit from bevacizumab is not so clear. In a phase II trial conducted in recurrent ovarian cancer patients, treated with cyclophosphamide and bevacizumab, a correlation between VEGF + 936 C/T SNP and PFS has been found. In another experience, both VEGF and VEGFR1 SNPs have been analyzed in germline DNA from patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer, enrolled in a phase III randomized trial of gemcitabine and erlotinib plus or minus bevacizumab [18]. While no association of the investigated VEGF SNPs with clinical outcome was detected, four VEGFR1 SNPs were related to PFS and OS in the group treated with the anti-VEGF MoAb.
However, although our findings do not agree with the previous experiences in advanced breast, recurrent ovarian and metastatic pancreatic cancer [16–18], it should be taken into account that such results were obtained in different settings of patients affected by biologically different diseases and treated with different cytotoxic combination regimens, whose pharmacological interactions with bevacizumab and with the host angiogenic balance are not entirely clarified.
Concerning mCRC, a recent retrospective analysis performed on blood samples from 209 patients in a phase III trial comparing a first line treatment with FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab versus XELIRI plus bevacizumab, demonstrated an association of VEGF -2578 A/C and -1154 A/G SNPs with OS [19]. Comparing our results to the above presented study, some remarks are needed: firstly, with regard to results in terms of OS, treatments administered in second or subsequent lines influence the outcome, since a remarkable percentage of patients nowadays receive active drugs beyond the first line of treatment and, at the same time, OS was a secondary end-point of our analysis that was designed to look at PFS as primary end-point. Secondly, VEGF -1154 A/G was not tested in our study while VEGF -1498 C/T was not investigated by the hellenic group. Finally, Koutras et al. experience did not have any control group while we tested two distinct cohorts, one receiving FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab and the hystorical one treated with FOLFIRI alone, aiming at investigating the correlation of VEGF SNPs with the efficacy of bevacizumab treatment. It should be underlined that, as stated above, the cohorts' inception was retrospective and patients were not randomized whether receiving the anti-VEGF or not, therefore, the significance of the interaction test is affected by the non-randomization bias.
Unfortunately, we were not able to verify the effect of VEGF -1498 genetic variants on VEGF plasma levels and tumoral expression due to the unavailability of baseline plasma samples and tumoral tissues from our series. Since data from literature are extremely heterogeneous, it would be rather interesting to assess such a correlation in future studies.
As minor comment, in the bevacizumab-group also mucinous histology is related with shorter PFS and OS both in the univariate and in the multivariate model, thus confirming data from literature about the worse prognosis of mucinous CRCs [27, 28]. Since such an association has not been verified in the historical control group due to a lack of information about it, no hypothesis may be advanced with regard to its potential predictive implication.
Conclusions
The identification of a predictor of resistance to anti-VEGF could be crucial in the therapeutic algorythm of mCRC patients. A refined patients' selection based on molecular criteria, could avoid the exposition of patients unlikely to benefit from bevacizumab to the risk of toxicities.
At our knowledge, this is the first report to suggest a significant role for a genetic determinant in predicting bevacizumab efficacy in mCRC treated with FOLFIRI plus the anti-VEGF MoAb: patients with VEGF -1498 T/T genotype do not seem to benefit from antiangiogenic treatment.
Although very promising, considering the above presented limitations, these results cannot be valued as immediately applicable into clinical practice. Therefore, we consider that our data certainly deserve further investigation. To this aim, it is currently ongoing a prospective study in mCRC patients treated with first-line FOLFIRI and bevacizumab, designed with the aim of revealing a 40% risk reduction in PFS bearing VEGF -1498 C-variants as compared to those carrying -1498 T/T genotype. If this ongoing experience will confirm the hypothesis generated by the present retrospective series, it could be appropriate to conduct an adequately designed phase III randomized trial in order to definitively validate such preliminary considerations.
Funding
This work was supported by Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Biotecnologie (CIB), Fanoateneo and Associazione Ricerca e Cure in Oncologia (ARCO).
Declarations
Authors’ Affiliations
(1)
U.O. Oncologia Medica 2 Universitaria, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Istituto Toscano Tumori and Dipartimento di Oncologia, dei Trapianti e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina
(2)
Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi "Carlo Bo"
(3)
Scuola Superiore di Studi Universitari e Perfezionamento "Sant'Anna"
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