Table 1 Comparison of clinical data between training set and validation set

Age (years), x ± s

61.932 ± 8.390

62.140 ± 8.887

61.438 ± 7.137

0.628

Gender (Female/Male)

68 (41.98)/94 (58.02)

45 (39.47)/69 (60.53)

23 (47.92)/25 (52.08)

0.412

Drinking history (yes/no)

58 (35.80)/104 (64.20)

45 (39.47)/69 (60.53)

13 (27.08)/35 (72.92)

0.186

Underlying diseases (yes/no)

68 (41.98)/94 (58.02)

46 (40.35)/68 (59.65)

22 (45.83)/26 (54.17)

0.637

Preoperative jaundice reduction (yes/no)

38 (23.46)/124 (76.54)

26 (22.81)/88 (77.19)

12 (25.00)/36 (75.00)

0.922

Blood transfusion history (yes/no)

139 (85.80)/23 (14.20)

103 (90.35)/11 (9.65)

36 (75.00)/12 (25.00)

0.061

Complications (yes/no)

88 (54.32)/74 (45.68)

62 (54.39)/52 (45.61)

26 (54.17)/22 (45.83)

1.000

Tumor size (≤ 2.5 cm/>2.5 cm)

115 (70.99)/47 (29.01)

80 (70.18)/34 (29.82)

35 (72.92)/13 (27.08)

0.872

CA19-9/GGT (≤ 0.15/>0.15)

82 (50.62)/80 (49.38)

57 (50.00)/57 (50.00)

25 (52.08)/23 (47.92)

0.944

CA19-9 (median [IQR]) U/L

92.35 [38.91, 195.50]

92.62 [42.67, 176.06]

91.865 [27.76, 224.23]

0.689

Albumin (median [IQR]) g/L

37.95 [34.80, 41.08]

37.65 [35.23, 41.10]

38.150 [34.00, 40.40]

0.748

Alkaline phosphatase (median [IQR]) U/L

405.65 [216.43, 617.65]

405.70 [216.43, 634.93]

405.500 [227.55, 542.85]

0.834

GGT (median [IQR]) U/L

596.95 [349.15, 1008.43]

596.95 [360.23, 1016.15]

600.100 [315.35, 974.33]

0.901

TBIL (median [IQR]) µmol/L

116.75 [31.95, 252.53]

118.20 [33.95, 257.80]

116.750 [25.50, 193.63]

0.352

PLR (≤ 265.81/>265.81)

126 (77.78)/36 (22.22)

86 (75.44)/28 (24.56)

40 (83.33)/8 (16.67)

0.370

NLR (≤ 3.68/>3.68)

101 (62.35)/61 (37.65)

70 (61.40)/44 (38.60)

31 (64.58)/17 (35.42)

0.839

AAPR (≤ 0.06/>0.06)

50 (30.86)/112 (69.14)

37 (32.46)/77 (67.54)

13 (27.08)/35 (72.92)

0.624

GPR (≤ 3.75/>3.75)

120 (74.07)/42 (25.93)

86 (75.44)/28 (24.56)

34 (70.83)/14 (29.17)

0.679

GLR (≤ 385.3/>385.3)

69 (42.59)/93 (57.41)

46 (40.35)/68 (59.65)

23 (47.92)/25 (52.08)

0.474

AGR (≤ 0.08/>0.08)

102 (62.96)/60 (37.04)

71 (62.28)/43 (37.72)

31 (64.58)/17 (35.42)

0.921

Lymph node invasion (yes/no)

52 (32.10)/110 (67.90)

33 (28.95)/81 (71.05)

19 (39.58)/29 (60.42)

0.254

Perineural invasion (yes/no)

60 (37.04)/102 (62.96)

41 (35.96)/73 (64.04)

19 (39.58)/29 (60.42)

0.797

Vascular invasion (yes/no)

17 (10.49)/145 (89.51)

14 (12.28)/100 (87.72)

3 (6.25)/45 (93.75)

0.388

Diferentiation (G1/G2/G3)

11 (6.79)/116 (71.60)/35 (21.60)

8 (7.02)/80 (70.18)/26 (22.81)

3 (6.25)/36 (75.00)/9 (18.75)

0.820

AJCC 8th edition TNM stage

0.112

IA

8 (4.94)

6 (5.26)

2 (4.17)

IB

51 (31.48)

40 (35.09)

11 (22.92)

IIA

39 (24.07)

29 (25.44)

10 (20.83)

IIB

12 (7.41)

6 (5.26)

6 (12.50)

IIIA

43 (26.54)

25 (21.93)

18 (37.50)

IIIB

9 (5.56)

8 (7.02)

1 (2.08)