Table 3 Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses of aggressive pathology for cT1 solid RCC.

Clinical findings

 Age at surgery, year

1.025

1.011–1.040

< 0.001

 Gender: male

1.058

0.755–1.482

0.765

 Laterality: left

0.910

0.673–1.230

0.571

 ECOG performance status: 2–4

3.061

1.340–6.992

0.016

 Symptomatic presentation

1.370

0.996–1.884

0.083

 Hypertension

1.016

0.752–1.373

0.917

 Diabetes

1.235

0.864–1.765

0.298

 Smoking history

1.179

0.867–1.605

0.341

 BMI, kg/m²

0.971

0.929–1.015

0.244

 Clinical tumor size, cm

1.424

1.269–1.597

< 0.001

 Hemoglobin, g/L

0.983

0.974–0.991

< 0.001

 NLR

1.081

1.042–1.121

< 0.001

1.096

1.050–1.145

< 0.001

Surgical findings

 Surgical approach

0.257

  Open

1(Reference)

  Laparoscopic

3.698

0.838–16.318

0.084

  Robotic

3.323

0.721–15.317

0.124

 Type of nephrectomy: Radical nephrectomy

3.156

2.252–4.424

< 0.001

Imaging findings

 Maximal tumor diameter, cm

0.515

  ≤4

1(Reference)

  >4-<7

0.895

0.662–1.210

 Exophytic/endophytic rate

0.529

  ≥50%

1(Reference)

  <50%

0.854

0.606–1.204

0.369

 Endophytic

1.112

0.738–1.678

0.611

 Distance to the collecting system, mm

< 0.001

0.036

  >7

1(Reference)

1(Reference)

  4–7

1.093

0.641–1.861

0.745

0.548

0.280–1.072

0.079

  ≤4

2.495

1.787–3.483

< 0.001

1.360

0.888–2.083

0.158

 Polar location

0.086

  Entirely above or below the polar line

1(Reference)

  Cross the polar line

1.206

0.823–1.766

0.336

  >50% crosses the polar line,  crosses the axial renal midline or entirely  between the polar lines

1.590

1.080–2.343

0.019

 CT necrosis

6.094

4.382–8.474

< 0.001

6.005

4.017–8.977

< 0.001

 Calcification

1.838

1.008–3.351

0.077

 Tumor margin regularity: irregular

9.341

6.345–13.752

< 0.001

8.037

5.098–12.669

< 0.001

 Peritumoral neovascularity

7.352

4.249–12.719

< 0.001

3.064

1.598–5.875

0.001

 Pre-contrast phase

  TAV-PCP

1.030

1.008–1.052

0.016

  HDT-PCP

1.045

1.004–1.087

0.056

 Corticomedullary phase

  TAV-CMP

0.997

0.994-1.000

0.083

  TEV-CMP

0.994

0.994-1.000

0.047

  RER-CMP

0.394

0.259-0.600

< 0.001

  HDT-CMP

1.011

1.000-1.022

0.072

 Nephrographic phase

  TAV-NP

0.991

0.986–0.996

0.003

  TEV-NP

0.989

0.983–0.994

< 0.001

  RER-NP

0.112

0.048–0.261

< 0.001

0.133

0.047–0.374

0.047

  HDT-NP

1.004

0.989–1.020

0.084

 Excretory phase

  TAV-EP

0.993

0.985-1.000

0.080

  TEV-EP

0.989

0.981–0.996

0.010

  RER-EP

0.115

0.045–0.298

< 0.001

  HDT-EP

1.032

1.009–1.055

0.015