Table 2 Clinical characteristics of patients in the training and validation cohorts

Gender, n (%)

0.23

 Female

168 (51.4)

24 (61.5)

78 (58.2)

14 (63.6)

 Male

159 (48.6)

15 (38.5)

56 (41.8)

8 (36.4)

Hypertension, n (%)

0.297

0.965

 No

216 (66.1)

29 (74.4)

92 (68.7)

15 (68.2)

 Yes

111 (33.9)

10 (25.6)

42 (31.3)

7 (31.8)

Diabetes, n (%)

0.379

0.303

 No

286 (87.5)

36 (92.3)

115 (85.8)

17 (77.3)

 Yes

41 (12.5)

3 (7.7)

19 (14.2)

5 (22.7)

COPD, n (%)

0.548

0.479

 No

324 (99.1)

39 (100.0)

131 (97.8)

22 (100.0)

 Yes

3 (0.9)

0 (0.0)

3 (2.2)

0 (0.0)

Smoking history, n (%)

0.82

0.736

 Non-smoker

229 (70.0)

28 (71.8)

99 (73.9)

17 (77.3)

 Smoker

98 (30.0)

11 (28.2)

35 (26.1)

5 (22.7)

Blood type, n (%)

0.791

0.407

 A

94 (28.7)

12 (30.8)

39 (29.1)

5 (22.7)

 B

127 (38.8)

12 (30.8)

46 (34.3)

6 (27.3)

 AB

34 (10.4)

5 (12.8)

14 (10.4)

5 (22.7)

 O

72 (22.0)

10 (25.6)

35 (26.1)

6 (27.3)

ASA, n (%)

0.331

0.475

 1

28 (8.6)

2 (5.1)

9 (6.7)

2 (9.1)

 2

288 (88.1)

34 (87.2)

120 (89.6)

18 (81.8)

 3

11 (3.4)

3 (7.7)

5 (3.7)

2 (9.1)

Location, n (%)

0.72

0.769

 Centrality

40 (12.2)

4 (10.3)

15 (11.2)

2 (9.1)

 Peripherality

287 (87.8)

35 (89.7)

119 (88.8)

20 (90.9)

Shape, n (%)

0.519

0.907

 Regularity

109 (33.3)

11 (28.2)

47 (35.1)

8 (36.4)

 Irregularity

218 (66.7)

28 (71.8)

87 (64.9)

14 (63.6)

Spiculation, n (%)

0.121

0.069

 No

107 (32.7)

8 (20.5)

44 (32.8)

3 (13.6)

 Yes

220 (67.3)

31 (79.5)

90 (67.2)

19 (86.4)

Cavitation sign, n (%)

0.925

0.132

 No

262 (80.1)

31 (79.5)

105 (78.4)

14 (63.6)

 Yes

65 (19.9)

8 (20.5)

29 (21.6)

8 (36.4)

Calcification, n (%)

0.437

NA

 No

322 (98.5)

39 (100.0)

134 (100.0)

22 (100.0)

 Yes

5 (1.5)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Vascular penetration sign, n (%)

0.37

0.974

 No

89 (27.2)

8 (20.5)

37 (27.6)

6 (27.3)

 Yes

238 (72.8)

31 (79.5)

97 (72.4)

16 (72.7)

Pleural adhesions, n (%)

0.01

0.022

 No

128 (39.1)

7 (17.9)

52 (38.8)

3 (13.6)

 Yes

199 (60.9)

32 (82.1)

82 (61.2)

19 (86.4)

Bronchus sign, n (%)

0.185

0.249

 No

227 (69.4)

23 (59.0)

90 (67.2)

12 (54.5)

 Yes

100 (30.6)

16 (41.0)

44 (32.8)

10 (45.5)

Lobulation, n (%)

0.02

0.065

 No

165 (50.5)

12 (30.8)

77 (57.5)

8 (36.4)

 Yes

162 (49.5)

27 (69.2)

57 (42.5)

14 (63.6)

Lymph node enlargement sign, n (%)

0.251

0.907

 No

268 (82.0)

29 (74.4)

111 (82.8)

18 (81.8)

 Yes

59 (18.0)

10 (25.6)

23 (17.2)

4 (18.2)

Pleural effusion sign, n (%)

0.487

0.564

 No

323 (98.8)

39 (100.0)

132 (98.5)

22 (100.0)

 Yes

4 (1.2)

0 (0.0)

2 (1.5)

0 (0.0)

Lepidic, n (%)

0.049

0.153

 No

100 (30.6)

18 (46.2)

35 (26.1)

9 (40.9)

 Yes

227 (69.4)

21 (53.8)

99 (73.9)

13 (59.1)

Acinar, n (%)

0.638

0.42

 No

65 (19.9)

9 (23.1)

21 (15.7)

2 (9.1)

 Yes

262 (80.1)

30 (76.9)

113 (84.3)

20 (90.9)

Papillary, n (%)

0.319

0.029

 No

203 (62.1)

21 (53.8)

82 (61.2)

8 (36.4)

 Yes

124 (37.9)

18 (46.2)

52 (38.8)

14 (63.6)

Micropapillary, n (%)

0.003

 < 0.001

 No

273 (83.5)

25 (64.1)

112 (83.6)

11 (50.0)

 Yes

54 (16.5)

14 (35.9)

22 (16.4)

11 (50.0)

Solid, n (%)

< 0.001

0.015

 No

313 (95.7)

31 (79.5)

128 (95.5)

18 (81.8)

 Yes

14 (4.3)

8 (20.5)

6 (4.5)

4 (18.2)

Mucinous, n (%)

0.015

0.979

 No

283 (86.5)

28 (71.8)

116 (86.6)

19 (86.4)

 Yes

44 (13.5)

11 (28.2)

18 (13.4)

3 (13.6)

CK5/6, n (%)

< 0.001

 < 0.001

 No

318 (97.2)

26 (66.7)

133 (99.3)

19 (86.4)

 Yes

9 (2.8)

13 (33.3)

1 (0.7)

3 (13.6)

CK7, n (%)

0.033

0.003

 No

252 (77.1)

24 (61.5)

106 (79.1)

11 (50.0)

 Yes

75 (22.9)

15 (38.5)

28 (20.9)

11 (50.0)

TTF-1, n (%)

0.001

 < 0.001

 No

241 (73.7)

19 (48.7)

104 (77.6)

9 (40.9)

 Yes

86 (26.3)

20 (51.3)

30 (22.4)

13 (59.1)

Napsin A, n (%)

< 0.001

 < 0.001

 No

299 (91.4)

23 (59.0)

119 (88.8)

11 (50.0)

 Yes

28 (8.6)

16 (41.0)

15 (11.2)

11 (50.0)

MUC-AC, n (%)

0.286

0.526

 No

304 (93.0)

38 (97.4)

131 (97.8)

21 (95.5)

 Yes

23 (7.0)

1 (2.6)

3 (2.2)

1 (4.5)

P63, n (%)

< 0.001

 < 0.001

 No

310 (94.8)

25 (64.1)

131 (97.8)

17 (77.3)

 Yes

17 (5.2)

14 (35.9)

3 (2.2)

5 (22.7)

CyclinD1, n (%)

0.057

 < 0.001

 No

315 (96.3)

35 (89.7)

129 (96.3)

14 (63.6)

 Yes

12 (3.7)

4 (10.3)

5 (3.7)

8 (36.4)

EMA, n (%)

< 0.001

 < 0.001

 No

319 (97.6)

32 (82.1)

130 (97.0)

15 (68.2)

 Yes

8 (2.4)

7 (17.9)

4 (3.0)

7 (31.8)

CD31, n (%)

0.023

 < 0.001

 No

313 (95.7)

34 (87.2)

129 (96.3)

15 (68.2)

 Yes

14 (4.3)

5 (12.8)

5 (3.7)

7 (31.8)

D2-40, n (%)

< 0.001

 < 0.001

 No

315 (96.3)

32 (82.1)

129 (96.3)

16 (72.7)

 Yes

12 (3.7)

7 (17.9)

5 (3.7)

6 (27.3)

Stretch fiber, n (%)

0.008

0.043

 No

242 (74.0)

21 (53.8)

101 (75.4)

12 (54.5)

 Yes

85 (26.0)

18 (46.2)

33 (24.6)

10 (45.5)

PAS, n (%)

< 0.001

0.005

 No

305 (93.3)

21 (53.8)

124 (92.5)

16 (72.7)

 Yes

22 (6.7)

18 (46.2)

10 (7.5)

6 (27.3)

PAS-D, n (%)

0.001

 < 0.001

 No

303 (92.7)

30 (76.9)

127 (94.8)

14 (63.6)

 Yes

24 (7.3)

9 (23.1)

7 (5.2)

8 (36.4)

 Albumin (g/L), median (IQR)

60.40 (58.30, 62.50)

58.80 (56.30, 60.40)

0.004

59.60 (57.70, 61.90)

58.55 (57.62, 60.13)

0.191

 Lymphocyte (× 109/L), median (IQR)

1.81 (1.46, 2.21)

1.59 (1.28, 1.85)

0.015

1.83 (1.42, 2.27)

1.63 (1.43, 2.01)

0.326

 PNI (%), median (IQR)

69.65 (66.45, 72.25)

66.00 (64.55, 69.22)

< 0.001

69.05 (66.01, 71.39)

67.28 (64.33, 69.30)

0.072

 Neutrophil (× 109/L), median (IQR)

2.94 (2.45, 3.90)

3.02 (2.64, 3.39)

0.934

3.07 (2.44, 3.85)

3.05 (2.81, 3.95)

0.341

 Eosinophil (× 109/L), median (IQR)

0.11 (0.06, 0.18)

0.11 (0.07, 0.21)

0.689

0.11 (0.07, 0.21)

0.10 (0.07, 0.15)

0.402

 Basophil (× 109/L), median (IQR)

0.03 (0.02, 0.04)

0.03 (0.02, 0.04)

0.716

0.03 (0.02, 0.04)

0.03 (0.03, 0.04)

0.524

 Monocyte (× 109/L), median (IQR)

0.42 (0.34, 0.51)

0.40 (0.33, 0.52)

0.994

0.42 (0.33, 0.50)

0.42 (0.36, 0.50)

0.704

 Erythrocyte (× 1012/L), median (IQR)

4.51 (4.24, 4.82)

4.50 (4.20, 4.82)

0.898

4.48 (4.09, 4.85)

4.58 (4.34, 4.86)

0.367

 Hemoglobin (g/L), median (IQR)

138.00 (129.00, 149.00)

139.00 (125.00, 148.00)

0.409

136.50 (126.00, 145.75)

137.50 (126.50, 145.00)

0.923

 Platelet (× 109/L), median (IQR)

232.00 (198.50, 264.50)

261.00 (231.50, 288.50)

0.013

230.00 (191.00, 264.00)

242.50 (211.25, 286.00)

0.179

 NLR (%), median (IQR)

1.70 (1.26, 2.23)

1.91 (1.57, 2.24)

0.042

1.66 (1.27, 2.12)

2.03 (1.70, 2.43)

0.026

 PLR (%), median (IQR)

130.66 (104.47, 159.12)

161.74 (136.77, 181.94)

< 0.001

127.15 (93.63, 157.73)

155.21 (116.53, 180.74)

0.043

 MLR (%), median (IQR)

0.23 (0.18, 0.29)

0.27 (0.22, 0.32)

0.012

0.22 (0.18, 0.28)

0.25 (0.20, 0.33)

0.182

 dNLR (%), median (IQR)

1.28 (1.01, 1.58)

1.40 (1.12, 1.60)

0.147

1.24 (0.97, 1.57)

1.51 (1.28, 1.69)

0.012

 NLPR (%), median (IQR)

0.01 (0.01, 0.01)

0.01 (0.01, 0.01)

0.496

0.01 (0.01, 0.01)

0.01 (0.01, 0.01)

0.212

 SIRI (%), median (IQR)

0.69 (0.47, 1.02)

0.80 (0.63, 0.92)

0.068

0.65 (0.47, 0.98)

0.79 (0.57, 1.33)

0.108

 AISI (%), median (IQR)

163.03 (105.84, 232.89)

221.50 (144.41, 264.92)

0.017

147.89 (100.00, 242.84)

181.92 (135.84, 375.84)

0.056

 SII (%), median (IQR)

389.76 (298.64, 511.21)

519.12 (343.84, 622.08)

0.006

369.06 (273.13, 515.99)

504.51 (390.20, 594.27)

0.013

 Blood sugar(mmol/L), median (IQR)

5.22 (4.78, 5.86)

5.10 (4.62, 5.76)

0.172

5.11 (4.73, 5.67)

5.48 (4.96, 6.27)

0.117

 Complement C1q(mg/L), median (IQR)

171.00 (149.90, 188.55)

189.20 (163.10, 206.95)

0.002

170.80 (149.72, 192.62)

179.80 (168.00, 192.75)

0.089

 LDH (U/L), median (IQR)

191.00 (172.00, 215.50)

195.89 (173.00, 229.50)

0.209

193.00 (176.50, 219.75)

196.50 (184.75, 207.00)

0.996

 SA (mg/dL), median (IQR)

54.00 (49.75, 58.80)

57.10 (51.30, 63.95)

0.033

54.03 (49.12, 58.58)

56.00 (52.37, 58.25)

0.151

 5'-NT (U/L), median (IQR)

4.00 (3.00, 5.00)

4.00 (3.00, 4.62)

0.497

4.00 (3.00, 5.00)

4.00 (4.00, 5.00)

0.149

 Pro-GRP (pg/mL), median (IQR)

41.96 (34.69, 45.59)

41.96 (35.90, 49.95)

0.335

41.96 (32.44, 44.34)

41.96 (41.34, 45.13)

0.069

 SCC (ng/mL), median (IQR)

1.10 (0.78, 1.97)

1.10 (0.94, 1.96)

0.706

1.06 (0.72, 1.97)

1.36 (0.76, 1.97)

0.273

 Cyfra21-1 (ng/mL), median (IQR)

2.32 (1.80, 2.58)

2.32 (1.73, 2.57)

0.697

2.32 (1.88, 2.70)

2.32 (1.72, 2.32)

0.674

 CEA (ng/mL), median (IQR)

2.32 (1.75, 2.92)

2.32 (1.09, 2.78)

0.251

2.32 (1.80, 2.97)

2.32 (2.32, 3.83)

0.109

 CA125 (U/mL), median (IQR)

10.30 (7.40, 10.72)

10.72 (9.84, 12.80)

0.002

10.71 (7.61, 11.28)

11.41 (10.72, 14.02)

0.002

 NSE (ng/mL), median (IQR)

19.45 (15.50, 20.05)

19.45 (16.95, 22.95)

0.239

19.45 (15.93, 20.60)

19.45 (18.27, 20.16)

0.488

 Age (years), median (IQR)

62.00 (54.00, 67.00)

56.00 (48.50, 64.00)

0.017

62.00 (54.25, 68.00)

56.00 (50.75, 63.50)

0.034

 BMI (kg/m2), median (IQR)

24.97 (23.04, 27.04)

26.37 (24.53, 29.94)

0.005

24.91 (22.59, 27.02)

25.41 (24.25, 28.07)

0.069

 FEV1% predicted (%), median (IQR)

105.30 (94.90, 117.40)

97.01 (85.34, 109.50)

0.037

102.69 (88.96, 114.94)

104.15 (85.17, 110.00)

0.563

 MVV% predicted (%), median (IQR)

105.23 (90.91, 117.04)

99.47 (87.00, 111.57)

0.126

101.32 (85.28, 114.90)

99.50 (86.96, 114.40)

0.776

 Maximum diameter (cm), median (IQR)

1.50 (1.20, 1.75)

1.60 (1.50, 1.90)

0.001

1.45 (1.10, 1.60)

1.60 (1.40, 1.95)

0.013

 CTR (%), median (IQR)

0.43 (0.00, 0.85)

0.85 (0.40, 1.00)

< 0.001

0.50 (0.00, 0.73)

0.79 (0.60, 1.00)

0.004

 Ki-67 positive rate (%), median (IQR)

0.00 (0.00, 1.25)

0.00 (0.00, 15.00)

0.103

0.00 (0.00, 0.00)

0.00 (0.00, 14.38)

0.002