Table 1 Patients’ characteristics of the training cohort and validation cohort

Gender, n (%)

0.171

 Female

284 (54.4)

92 (59.0)

192 (52.5)

 Male

238 (45.6)

64 (41.0)

174 (47.5)

Hypertension, n (%)

0.713

 No

352 (67.4)

107 (68.6)

245 (66.9)

 Yes

170 (32.6)

49 (31.4)

121 (33.1)

Diabetes, n (%)

0.296

 No

454 (87.0)

132 (84.6)

322 (88.0)

 Yes

68 (13.0)

24 (15.4)

44 (12.0)

COPD, n (%)

0.279

 No

516 (98.9)

153 (98.1)

363 (99.2)

 Yes

6 (1.1)

3 (1.9)

3 (0.8)

Smoking history, n (%)

0.338

 Non-smoker

373 (71.5)

116 (74.4)

257 (70.2)

 Smoker

149 (28.5)

40 (25.6)

109 (29.8)

Blood type, n (%)

0.661

 A

150 (28.7)

44 (28.2)

106 (29.0)

 B

191 (36.6)

52 (33.3)

139 (38.0)

 AB

58 (11.1)

19 (12.2)

39 (10.7)

 O

123 (23.6)

41 (26.3)

82 (22.4)

ASA, n (%)

0.859

 1

41 (7.9)

11 (7.1)

30 (8.2)

 2

460 (88.1)

138 (88.5)

322 (88.0)

 3

21 (4.0)

7 (4.5)

14 (3.8)

Location, n (%)

0.714

 Centrality

61 (11.7)

17 (10.9)

44 (12.0)

 Peripherality

461 (88.3)

139 (89.1)

322 (88.0)

Shape, n (%)

0.584

 Regularity

175 (33.5)

55 (35.3)

120 (32.8)

 Irregularity

347 (66.5)

101 (64.7)

246 (67.2)

Spiculation, n (%)

0.77

 No

162 (31.0)

47 (30.1)

115 (31.4)

 Yes

360 (69.0)

109 (69.9)

251 (68.6)

Cavitation sign, n (%)

0.333

 No

412 (78.9)

119 (76.3)

293 (80.1)

 Yes

110 (21.1)

37 (23.7)

73 (19.9)

Calcification, n (%)

0.142

 No

517 (99.0)

156 (100.0)

361 (98.6)

 Yes

5 (1.0)

0 (0.0)

5 (1.4)

Vascular penetration sign, n (%)

0.802

 No

140 (26.8)

43 (27.6)

97 (26.5)

 Yes

382 (73.2)

113 (72.4)

269 (73.5)

Pleural adhesions, n (%)

0.723

 No

190 (36.4)

55 (35.3)

135 (36.9)

 Yes

332 (63.6)

101 (64.7)

231 (63.1)

Bronchus sign, n (%)

0.514

 No

352 (67.4)

102 (65.4)

250 (68.3)

 Yes

170 (32.6)

54 (34.6)

116 (31.7)

Lobulation, n (%)

0.2

 No

262 (50.2)

85 (54.5)

177 (48.4)

 Yes

260 (49.8)

71 (45.5)

189 (51.6)

Lymph node enlargement sign, n (%)

0.677

 No

426 (81.6)

129 (82.7)

297 (81.1)

 Yes

96 (18.4)

27 (17.3)

69 (18.9)

Pleural effusion sign, n (%)

0.853

 No

516 (98.9)

154 (98.7)

362 (98.9)

 Yes

6 (1.1)

2 (1.3)

4 (1.1)

Lepidic, n (%)

0.362

 No

162 (31.0)

44 (28.2)

118 (32.2)

 Yes

360 (69.0)

112 (71.8)

248 (67.8)

Acinar, n (%)

0.141

 No

97 (18.6)

23 (14.7)

74 (20.2)

 Yes

425 (81.4)

133 (85.3)

292 (79.8)

Papillary, n (%)

0.453

 No

314 (60.2)

90 (57.7)

224 (61.2)

 Yes

208 (39.8)

66 (42.3)

142 (38.8)

Micropapillary, n (%)

0.495

 No

421 (80.7)

123 (78.8)

298 (81.4)

 Yes

101 (19.3)

33 (21.2)

68 (18.6)

Solid, n (%)

0.862

 No

490 (93.9)

146 (93.6)

344 (94.0)

 Yes

32 (6.1)

10 (6.4)

22 (6.0)

Mucinous, n (%)

0.642

 No

446 (85.4)

135 (86.5)

311 (85.0)

 Yes

76 (14.6)

21 (13.5)

55 (15.0)

CK5/6, n (%)

0.098

 No

496 (95.0)

152 (97.4)

344 (94.0)

 Yes

26 (5.0)

4 (2.6)

22 (6.0)

CK7, n (%)

0.921

 No

393 (75.3)

117 (75.0)

276 (75.4)

 Yes

129 (24.7)

39 (25.0)

90 (24.6)

TTF-1, n (%)

0.746

 No

373 (71.5)

113 (72.4)

260 (71.0)

 Yes

149 (28.5)

43 (27.6)

106 (29.0)

Napsin A, n (%)

0.154

 No

452 (86.6)

130 (83.3)

322 (88.0)

 Yes

70 (13.4)

26 (16.7)

44 (12.0)

MUC-AC, n (%)

0.064

 No

494 (94.6)

152 (97.4)

342 (93.4)

 Yes

28 (5.4)

4 (2.6)

24 (6.6)

P63, n (%)

0.184

 No

483 (92.5)

148 (94.9)

335 (91.5)

 Yes

39 (7.5)

8 (5.1)

31 (8.5)

CyclinD1, n (%)

0.07

 No

493 (94.4)

143 (91.7)

350 (95.6)

 Yes

29 (5.6)

13 (8.3)

16 (4.4)

EMA, n (%)

0.156

 No

496 (95.0)

145 (92.9)

351 (95.9)

 Yes

26 (5.0)

11 (7.1)

15 (4.1)

CD31, n (%)

0.268

 No

491 (94.1)

144 (92.3)

347 (94.8)

 Yes

31 (5.9)

12 (7.7)

19 (5.2)

D2-40, n (%)

0.403

 No

492 (94.3)

145 (92.9)

347 (94.8)

 Yes

30 (5.7)

11 (7.1)

19 (5.2)

Stretch fiber, n (%)

0.893

 No

376 (72.0)

113 (72.4)

263 (71.9)

 Yes

146 (28.0)

43 (27.6)

103 (28.1)

PAS, n (%)

0.82

 No

466 (89.3)

140 (89.7)

326 (89.1)

 Yes

56 (10.7)

16 (10.3)

40 (10.9)

PAS-D, n (%)

0.828

 No

474 (90.8)

141 (90.4)

333 (91.0)

 Yes

48 (9.2)

15 (9.6)

33 (9.0)

 Albumin (g/L), median (IQR)

60.00 (57.92, 62.20)

59.45 (57.68, 61.73)

60.20 (58.02, 62.30)

0.051

 Lymphocyte (× 109/L), median (IQR)

1.77 (1.44, 2.19)

1.78 (1.42, 2.21)

1.77 (1.45, 2.19)

0.843

 PNI (%), median (IQR)

69.15 (66.00, 71.85)

68.80 (65.84, 71.20)

69.32 (66.11, 72.04)

0.138

 Neutrophil (× 109/L), median (IQR)

3.00 (2.46, 3.89)

3.06 (2.49, 3.87)

2.96 (2.45, 3.89)

0.813

 Eosinophil (× 109/L), median (IQR)

0.11 (0.06, 0.19)

0.11 (0.07, 0.18)

0.11 (0.06, 0.19)

0.839

 Basophil (× 109/L), median (IQR)

0.03 (0.02, 0.04)

0.03 (0.02, 0.04)

0.03 (0.02, 0.04)

0.89

 Monocyte (× 109/L), median (IQR)

0.42 (0.34, 0.51)

0.42 (0.33, 0.50)

0.42 (0.34, 0.51)

0.718

 Erythrocyte (× 1012/L), median (IQR)

4.50 (4.20, 4.83)

4.49 (4.11, 4.86)

4.50 (4.23, 4.82)

0.383

 Hemoglobin (g/L), median (IQR)

138.00 (128.00, 148.00)

137.00 (126.00, 146.00)

138.50 (129.00, 149.00)

0.133

 Platelet (× 109/L), median (IQR)

234.00 (198.25, 267.00)

232.00 (194.25, 264.00)

235.00 (199.00, 269.00)

0.319

 NLR (%), median (IQR)

1.72 (1.29, 2.24)

1.75 (1.30, 2.27)

1.71 (1.29, 2.23)

0.928

 PLR (%), median (IQR)

132.06 (103.89, 163.59)

130.94 (97.47, 164.23)

133.94 (105.04, 163.06)

0.345

 MLR (%), median (IQR)

0.23 (0.19, 0.29)

0.22 (0.18, 0.29)

0.23 (0.19, 0.29)

0.438

 dNLR (%), median (IQR)

1.28 (1.01, 1.59)

1.28 (0.99, 1.62)

1.28 (1.01, 1.58)

0.675

 NLPR (%), median (IQR)

0.01 (0.01, 0.01)

0.01 (0.01, 0.01)

0.01 (0.01, 0.01)

0.782

 SIRI (%), median (IQR)

0.69 (0.49, 1.01)

0.69 (0.48, 1.01)

0.70 (0.49, 1.00)

0.788

 AISI (%), median (IQR)

163.50 (108.03, 240.75)

150.35 (105.01, 250.14)

165.50 (110.25, 237.16)

0.477

 SII (%), median (IQR)

396.04 (296.66, 533.27)

383.11 (276.55, 546.01)

404.92 (300.25, 528.57)

0.418

 Blood sugar(mmol/L), median (IQR)

5.20 (4.75, 5.82)

5.15 (4.75, 5.73)

5.21 (4.75, 5.86)

0.645

 Complement C1q(mg/L), median (IQR)

173.10 (150.62, 191.62)

173.40 (150.48, 193.00)

173.05 (150.80, 191.28)

0.999

 LDH (U/L), median (IQR)

193.50 (173.00, 217.75)

195.44 (178.00, 219.00)

192.00 (172.00, 216.75)

0.237

 SA (mg/dL), median (IQR)

54.03 (49.82, 59.00)

54.03 (49.48, 58.40)

54.03 (50.00, 59.18)

0.583

 5'-NT (U/L), median (IQR)

4.00 (3.00, 5.00)

4.00 (3.00, 5.00)

4.00 (3.00, 5.00)

0.606

 Pro-GRP (pg/mL), median (IQR)

41.96 (34.69, 45.88)

41.96 (33.72, 44.41)

41.96 (34.82, 46.14)

0.603

 SCC (ng/mL), median (IQR)

1.10 (0.78, 1.97)

1.10 (0.73, 1.97)

1.10 (0.78, 1.97)

0.766

 Cyfra21-1 (ng/mL), median (IQR)

2.32 (1.79, 2.62)

2.32 (1.87, 2.70)

2.32 (1.78, 2.58)

0.536

 CEA (ng/mL), median (IQR)

2.32 (1.74, 2.97)

2.32 (1.89, 3.15)

2.32 (1.68, 2.92)

0.159

 CA125 (U/mL), median (IQR)

10.72 (7.62, 11.20)

10.72 (7.76, 12.03)

10.50 (7.54, 10.90)

0.207

 NSE (ng/mL), median (IQR)

19.45 (15.72, 20.60)

19.45 (16.30, 20.60)

19.45 (15.60, 20.58)

0.544

 Age (years), median (IQR)

61.00 (54.00, 67.00)

61.00 (54.00, 67.00)

61.00 (54.00, 66.75)

0.566

 BMI (kg/m2), median (IQR)

25.14 (23.05, 27.18)

25.17 (22.86, 27.19)

25.10 (23.15, 27.17)

0.591

 FEV1% predicted (%), median (IQR)

104.36 (93.22, 116.15)

102.90 (88.81, 113.14)

105.29 (94.06, 117.16)

0.063

 MVV% predicted (%), median (IQR)

104.06 (88.28, 115.19)

101.32 (85.89, 114.83)

104.89 (90.43, 116.36)

0.038

 Maximum diameter (cm), median (IQR)

1.50 (1.20, 1.80)

1.50 (1.20, 1.70)

1.50 (1.20, 1.80)

0.264

 CTR (%), median (IQR)

0.50 (0.00, 0.88)

0.56 (0.09, 0.87)

0.46 (0.00, 0.89)

0.194

 Ki-67 positive rate (%), median (IQR)

0.00 (0.00, 1.00)

0.00 (0.00, 0.00)

0.00 (0.00, 2.00)

0.283