Table 2 Summary of exosomal biomarkers for selected hematological malignancies and gastrointestinal cancers and
From: Diagnostic potential of exosomal extracellular vesicles in oncology
Cancers | Source | Exosomal Biomarkers | Isolation Method | Observation | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gastrointestinal | |||||
 Liver | Serum | miR-18a, miR-221 miR-222, miR-224 | Commercial Reagent | All four miRNAs were elevated in patients with HCC | [98] |
Serum | miR-665, | Commercial Reagent | Tumor size directly correlated with levels of miR-665 | [92] | |
 Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) | Plasma | miR-92a, miR-122 | DC | Increased levels of miR-21 and miR-125b in HCC patients | [94] |
Dysregulation of miR-92 levels is indicative of HCC development | [100] | ||||
 Pancreatic | Plasma | miR-196a miR-1246 miR-21, miR-155, and miR-31 | DC, Commercial Reagent | Biomarker of localized pancreatic cancer | |
Saliva | miR‑1246 and miR‑4644 | Total Exosome Isolation | miR‑1246 and miR‑4644, the results yielded an increased AUC of 0.833 | [81] | |
serum | Glypican-1 | DC | Levels of GPC1 + crExos correlate with tumor burden and survival in patients pre- and post-surgical tumor resection | [74] | |
 Colon | Colon cancer cells | PTEN downregulation | ExoQuick™, commercial reagent | (ii)Exosomes promote cetuximab resistance by PTEN downregulation | [149] |
Plasma of CRC patients | Copine III(CPNE3) | Commercial reagent | Increased expression colorectal cancer(CRC) | [104] | |
Hematological Malignancies | |||||
 Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) | Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) | Leukemia-associated antigens (LAA) TGF-B1 | Differential Centrifugation | Increased myeloblastic activity | [130] |
 B-cell malignancy Hodgkin's Lymphoma (HL) Myeloid neoplasms | Tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) | CD19 CD30 CD33 | ExoQuick™, commercial reagent | Diagnostic of prostate cancer patients | [132] |