Table 1 Summary of selected cancers and their exosomal biomarkers

Melanoma

Antigen

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4

DC, SEC, immune capture

Malignant exosomes were separated from non-malignant exosomes

[24]

Brain

Glioma

CSF

miR-301a

DC, filtration, commercial reagent

Serum exosomal miR-301a levels are significantly upregulated in human glioma patients

[39]

Blood plasma

EGFRvIII, podoplanin, IDH1 R132H

Microfluidic device

EVs from GBM displayed increased expressions of EGFR, EGFRvIII, PDPN, and IDH1 R132H

[45]

miR-335, miR-301a,

and miR-454-3p

Commercial Reagent

(ExoQuick™)

miR301 diagnostic and prognostic;miR-454 lower in post operative vs. preoperative glioma patients

[39, 40]

Breast

Serum

Annexin A2

Commercial Reagent

(i) Serum Exo-AnxA2 upregulated in TNBC patients

[82]

Serum

miR-375, miR-221

miR-210

miR-10b

DC

(ii) Higher levels of miR-375, miR-221, and miR-10b were found in ER + BC patients compared to healthy donors

[59]

Reproductive Cancers

 Cervical

Epithelial cervical cancer cells

Survivin

DC

Survivin was detected on and within HeLa-derived exosomes

[106]

Epithelial cervical cancer cells

miR-221-3p

DC

Downregulates MAPK10 expression in cervical cancer cells

[107]

Serum

Activating transcription factor 1

RAS upregulation

Commercial Reagent

Elevated levels in cervical cancer mouse tumors

[110]

Vaginal Secretions

PI3/Akt/mTOR upregulation

Commercial Reagent

PI3/Akt/mTOR gene expression is elevated in cervical cancer tissue

[105]

 Prostate

Prostate cancer cells

miR-21

UC

Expression down-regulated by exosomal RNA gold nanoparticle conjugates upregulated in urinary exosomes

[148]

Plasma

piR-349843, piR-382289, piR-158533, and hsa-piR-002468

UC

Expression of these piwi RNAs was upregulated in urinary extracellular vesicles

[149]