Table 4 Pre- to post-exercise training changes to body composition, resting cardiovascular measurements, cardiorespiratory and functional fitness, and quality of life
Variable | Pre-exercise training | Post-exercise training | Pre- to post-exercise training change | P statistic | Effect size | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Body composition | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
Body mass (kg) | 80.4 ± 31.4 | 80.6 ± 28.0 | −0.5 ± 2.4 | 0.871 | 0.0 | ||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.3 ± 8.7 | 27.1 ± 9.0 | −0.2 ± 0.8 | 0.759 | 0.0 | ||
Waist circumference (cm) | 98.2 ± 29.3 | 93.8 ± 20.9 | −2.8 ± 5.3 | 0.014 | 0.2 | ||
Hip circumference (cm) | 103.9 ± 15.6 | 101.6 ± 16.6 | −0.7 ± 3.0 | 0.070 | 0.1 | ||
Body fat percentage (%, N = 14) | 30.4 ± 10.0 | 32.1 ± 10.6 | 0.2 ± 1.6 | 0.924 | 0.0 | ||
Fat mass (kg, N = 14) | 20.9 ± 18.3 | 21.9 ± 19.4 | 0.2 ± 2.2 | 0.952 | − | ||
Lean soft-tissue mass (kg, N = 14) | 58.8 ± 17.9 | 58.6 ± 17.8 | −0.1 ± 1.0 | 0.818 | 0.0 | ||
Bone mineral density (g/cm2, N = 14) | 1.18 ± 0.22 | 1.20 ± 0.22 | 0.00 ± 0.02 | 0.866 | 0.0 | ||
Bone mineral density T score (N = 14) | 0.05 ± 2.60 | 0.15 ± 2.40 | −0.05 ± 0.20 | 0.640 | 0.0 | ||
Resting cardiovascular measurements | |||||||
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 142 ± 18 | 132 ± 17 | −4 ± 14 | 0.293 | 0.1 | ||
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 86 ± 11 | 81 ± 10 | −3 ± 5 | 0.033 | 0.4 | ||
Resting heart rate (beats/min) | 67 ± 6 | 65 ± 7 | −3 ± 7 | 0.014 | 0.4 | ||
Cardiorespiratory and functional fitness | |||||||
V̇O2PEAK (mL/kg/min, N = 12) | 26.2 ± 4.5 | 26.0 ± 4.5 | 0.1 ± 2.7 | 0.601 | 0.1 | ||
Peak work-rate (METs, N = 12) | 9.9 ± 3.1 | 14.9 ± 4.0 | 3.8 ± 2.8 | 0.001 | 1.4 | ||
Ventilatory threshold (mL/kg/min, N = 12) | 18.1 ± 2.9 | 17.8 ± 3.1 | −1.3 ± 2.1 | 0.569 | 0.1 | ||
8ft up-and-go (s, N = 12) | 5.6 ± 1.3 | 4.6 ± 1.0 | −0.8 ± 0.9 | 0.006 | 0.8 | ||
Sit-to-stand (number in 30s, N = 12) | 13 ± 3 | 17 ± 4 | 5 ± 5 | 0.002 | 1.2 | ||
Grip strength (kg, N = 14) | 30.1 ± 12.9 | 34.5 ± 15.2 | 2.0 ± 4.0 | 0.008 | − | ||
Upper limb flexibility (cm, N = 14) | −3.4 ± 9.8 | −3.6 ± 12.7 | 0.8 ± 1.5 | 0.101 | − | ||
Lower limb flexibility (cm, N = 13) | 7.8 ± 15.0 | 11.9 ± 7.6 | 5.7 ± 7.7 | 0.044 | 0.5 | ||
Quality of life | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
Satisfaction with life scale | 24 ± 11 | 25 ± 9 | 1 ± 6 | 0.202 | 0.3 | ||
FACIT-fatigue scale | 5 ± 9 | 2 ± 11 | 0 ± 5 | 0.640 | 0.1 | ||
PSQI | 6 ± 5 | 5 ± 5 | 0 ± 4 | 0.900 | 0.0 | ||
SF-36 Physical function (%) | 90 ± 30 | 95 ± 18 | 5 ± 10 | 0.022 | − | ||
SF-36 Physical role limitation (%) | 100 ± 13 | 100 ± 0 | 0 ± 13 | 0.594 | − | ||
SF-36 Emotional role limitation (%) | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0.999 | − | ||
SF-36 Energy and fatigue (%) | 65 ± 38 | 75 ± 23 | 10 ± 15 | 0.026 | 0.5 | ||
SF-36 Emotional wellbeing (%) | 84 ± 22 | 84 ± 22 | 4 ± 12 | 0.285 | 0.2 | ||
SF-36 Social functioning (%) | 88 ± 13 | 100 ± 19 | 0 ± 13 | 0.364 | 0.2 | ||
SF-36 Pain (%) | 80 ± 23 | 90 ± 26 | 10 ± 15 | 0.272 | − | ||
SF-36 General health (%) | 55 ± 15 | 55 ± 28 | 0 ± 8 | 0.342 | 0.1 | ||