The effects of short-term, progressive exercise training on disease activity in smouldering multiple myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: a single-arm pilot study

Table 3 Change to CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell frequencies from pre- to post-exercise training

Cell frequency (cells/µL)	Pre-exercise training	Post-exercise training	Change	P statistic	Effect size
CD3⁺	1357 ± 424	1365 ± 459	115 ± 468	0.890	−
CD3⁺CD4⁺	985 ± 387	1118 ± 455	97 ± 381	0.720	−
CD4⁺ T_NA	505 ± 294	501 ± 307	5 ± 108	0.897	0.0
CD4⁺ T_CM	481 ± 245	501 ± 379	51 ± 194	0.789	0.1
CD4⁺ T_EM	64 ± 36	68 ± 29	3 ± 22	0.934	0.0
CD4⁺ T_EMRA	6 ± 6	6 ± 7	0 ± 2	0.354	0.0
CD57⁺CD4⁺	46 ± 32	48 ± 38	5 ± 16	0.421	−
KLRG1⁺CD4⁺	78 ± 84	78 ± 111	7 ± 27	0.703	0.0
PD1⁺CD4⁺	144 ± 84	139 ± 106	14 ± 37	0.454	−
CTLA4⁺CD4⁺	5 ± 3	5 ± 3	0 ± 3	0.625	0.1
CD3⁺CD8⁺	192 ± 112	196 ± 111	9 ± 55	0.581	0.1
CD8⁺ T_NA	114 ± 72	103 ± 60	5 ± 26	0.934	−
CD8⁺ T_CM	63 ± 47	51 ± 56	2 ± 17	0.600	−
CD8⁺ T_EM	7 ± 6	7 ± 6	0 ± 2	0.600	−
CD8⁺ T_EMRA	20 ± 26	16 ± 26	−2 ± 6	0.169	−
CD57⁺CD8⁺	45 ± 37	42 ± 29	−6 ± 11	0.188	−
KLRG1⁺CD8⁺	96 ± 83	92 ± 58	−4 ± 23	0.419	0.1
PD1⁺CD8⁺	37 ± 35	39 ± 36	−1 ± 8	0.679	−

Data are median ± IQR. All N = 15. Lymphocyte viability was 96.4% (range 92.7–99.1%). Cohen’s d effect sizes were calculated for normally distributed data only, as calculations for Cohen’s d are based on mean as the measure of central tendency, which does not appropriately reflect non-normal data distribution (indicated by– in the table). T_NA naïve T cell; T_CM = central memory T cell; T_EM = effector memory T cell; T_EMRA = terminally-differentiated effector memory cell re-expressing CD45RA⁺

ISSN: 1471-2407