Table 5 Logistic regression analysis of HBM constructs with cervical cancer screening among HIV positive women (n = 410)
HBM constructs (Agreed) | Frequency (%) | Ever screened for CC | COR (95% CI) | P-value | AOR (95% CI) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perceived susceptibility to get cervical cancer among HIV positive women | ||||||
  Due to HIV, I worry a lot about developing cervical cancer |  |  |  |  |  |  |
      Agree | 208 (50.7) | 126 (78.3) | 7.29 (4.64–11.64) |  < 0.001 | 5.01 (4.26–8.32) |  < 0.001 |
      Disagree | 202 (49.3) | 35 (21.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  I am at high risk of developing cervical cancer than normal women | ||||||
      Agree | 212 (51.7) | 99 (46.7) | 1.92 (1.28–2.88) | 0.001 | 1.82 (1.16–2.01) | 0.042 |
      Disagree | 198 (48.3) | 62 (31.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  My chances of developing cervical cancer in the next few years are very high than normal women | ||||||
      Agree | 194 (47.3) | 85 (43.8) | 1.43 (0.96–2.14) | 0.074 | 1.83 (0.48–1.68) | 0.235 |
      Disagree | 216 (52.7) | 76 (35.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Perceived severity/seriousness of cervical cancer among HIV positive women | ||||||
  Cervical cancer is a serious health problem | ||||||
      Agree | 178 (43.4) | 85 (47.7) | 1.87 (1.25–2.81) | 0.002 | 1.38 (0.29–1.52) | 0.425 |
      Disagree | 232 (56.6) | 76 (32.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Cervical cancer may lead to hysterectomy | ||||||
      Agree | 194 (47.3) | 90 (46.4) | 1.76 (1.18–2.64) | 0.005 | 1.64 (0.12–1.56) | 0.235 |
      Disagree | 216 (52.7) | 71 (32.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Cervical cancer may lead to death | ||||||
      Agree | 180 (43.9) | 94 (52.2) | 2.65 (1.76–4.00) |  < 0.001 | 2.56 (1.64–3.56) | 0.035 |
      Disagree | 230 (56.1) | 67 (29.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Cervical cancer makes women to opt either chemotherapy or radio therapy for cure | ||||||
      Agree | 175 (42.7) | 78 (44.6) | 1.47 (0.98–2.19) | 0.057 | 0.26 (0.64–1.38) | 0.122 |
      Disagree | 235 (57.3) | 83 (35.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Thinking about cervical cancer frightens me | ||||||
      Agree | 196 (47.8) | 80 (40.8) | 1.13 (0.76–1.68) | 0.539 | - | - |
      Disagree | 214 (52.2) | 81 (37.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Cervical cancer threatens my relationship with others | ||||||
      Agree | 188 (45.8) | 83 (44.1) | 1.46 (0.98–2.17) | 0.062 | 1.24 (0.84–1.98) | 0.128 |
      Disagree | 222 (54.1) | 78 (35.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Perceived barriers towards cervical cancer screening among HIV positive women | ||||||
  Cervical cancer screening is painful |  |  |  |  |  |  |
      Agree | 232 (56.6) | 69 (29.7) | 0.39 (0.26–0.59) |  < 0.001 | 0.28 (0.12–0.45) | 0.003 |
      Disagree | 178 (43.4) | 92 (51.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Cervical cancer screening is too expensive | ||||||
      Agree | 218 (53.2) | 59 (27.1) | 0.33 (0.22–0.49) |  < 0.001 | 0.36 (0.24–0.53) | 0.012 |
      Disagree | 192 (46.8) | 102 (53.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Cervical cancer screening is time consuming procedure | ||||||
      Agree | 229 (55.8) | 63 (27.5) | 0.32 (0.21–0.48) |  < 0.001 | 0.30 (0.19–0.41) | 0.020 |
      Disagree | 181 (44.1) | 98 (54.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  It is too embarrassing to have a cervical cancer screening | ||||||
      Agree | 284 (69.3) | 55 (19.4) | 0.04 (0.02–0.08) |  < 0.001 | 0.02 (0.01–0.06) |  < 0.001 |
      Disagree | 126 (30.7) | 106 (84.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  I am afraid of positive for cervical cancer screening test | ||||||
      Agree | 296 (72.2) | 66 (22.3) | 0.05 (0.03–0.10) |  < 0.001 | 0.04 (0.02–0.10) |  < 0.001 |
      Disagree | 114 (27.8) | 95 (83.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Perceived benefits of cervical cancer screening among HIV positive women | ||||||
  Cervical screening test helps in identification of precancerous lesions | ||||||
      Agree | 172 (41.9) | 95 (55.2) | 3.20 (2.12–4.86) |  < 0.001 | 2.12 (1.84–3.74) | 0.024 |
      Disagree | 238 (58.0) | 66 (27.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Precancerous lesions of cervix are completely curable | ||||||
      Agree | 168 (40.9) | 106 (63.1) | 5.78 (3.76–8.98) |  < 0.001 | 4.63 (2.78–6.43) |  < 0.001 |
      Disagree | 242 (59.0) | 55 (22.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Regular cervical screening test will decrease my risk of dying due to cervical cancer | ||||||
      Agree | 183 (44.6) | 85 (46.4) | 1.83 (1.22–2.74) | 0.003 | 1.84 (1.12–2.75) | 0.042 |
      Disagree | 227 (55.4) | 73 (32.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Regular cervical screening will reduce worry of cervical cancer if test is negative | ||||||
      Agree | 189 (46.1) | 92 (48.7) | 2.08 (1.39–3.13) |  < 0.001 | 2.08 (1.33–4.22) | 0.038 |
      Disagree | 221 (53.9) | 69 (31.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Cues to action | ||||||
  I prefer female doctor to perform cervical cancer screening test | ||||||
      Agree | 195 (47.6) | 101 (51.8) | 2.82 (1.88–4.26) |  < 0.001 | 2.02 (1.57–3.98) | 0.014 |
     Disagree | 215 (52.4) | 60 (27.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  I will only participate in screening if it is provided at no cost | ||||||
      Agree | 192 (46.8) | 106 (55.2) | 3.64 (2.40–5.55) |  < 0.001 | 3.23 (1.99–4.38) | 0.043 |
      Disagree | 218 (53.1) | 55 (25.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |