Table 1 The characteristics of included studies and involved participants
Study | Region | Sample size | Age (years) | Sex | Exposure definition | Comparisons | Follow-up (years) | Adjustment factors | Outcome | Study quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nomura 1990 (JAH) [23] | USA | 7,990 | ≥ 18 | Men and women | FFQ | Quintiles | 17.5 | Age | GC | 6 |
USA | 35,216 | 55–69 | Women | FFQ | Quintiles | 5.0 | Age, EI, height, parity, vitamin E, vitamin A | CC, PC | 8 | |
Kato 1997 (NYUWHS)[26] | USA | 14,727 | 34–65 | Women | FFQ | Quartiles | 7.1 | Age, EI, history of rectal colon polyps | CRC | 6 |
Singh 1998 (AHS) [27] | USA | 32,051 | ≥ 25 | Men and women | FFQ | Median | 6.0 | Age, sex, BMI, PI,parental history of CC, smoking,alcohol, aspirin use | CC | 7 |
Galanis 1998 (JRH) [28] | USA | 11,907 | ≥ 18 | Men and women | FFQ | Median | 14.8 | Age, education, Japanese place of birth, smoking,alcohol | GC | 7 |
Finland | 9,985 | 15–99 | Men and women | Dietary history | Quartiles | 24.0 | Age, sex, municipality, smoking, EI | CRC, GC, CC, RC | 6 | |
Finland | 27,111 | 50–69 | Men | FFQ | Quartiles | 8.0 | Age, supplement group, smoking, BMI,alcohol,education, PA, calcium intake | CRC, PC | 9 | |
Isaksson 2002 (STR) [33] | Sweden | 21,884 | 56 | Men and women | FFQ | Tertiles | 16.0 | Age, sex, smoking | PC | 6 |
Flood 2003 (BCDDP) [34] | USA | 45,496 | 61.9 | Women | FFQ | Quintiles | 8.5 | EI, total meat intake | CRC | 8 |
Michaud 2003 (NHS)[25] | USA | 88,802 | 30–55 | Women | FFQ | Quintiles | 18.0 | Age, smoking, BMI, history of diabetes,EI, height, PA,menopausal status | PC, RC, CC, CRC, HCC | 8 |
Lin 2004 (WHS) [36] | USA | 37,547 | ≥ 45 | Women | FFQ | Quintiles | 8.7 | Age, random treatment assignment, BMI,family history of CRC,history of colorectal polyps, PA, smoking,alcohol, HRT,EI | CRC | 8 |
USA | 46,632 | 40–75 | Men | FFQ | Quintiles | 14.0 | Age, family history,BMI, PA,alcohol, calcium intake, folate intake,height, smoking,history of endoscopy,beef/pork/lamb as amain dish | RC, CC, CRC, HCC | 8 | |
English 2004 (MCCS) [41] | Australia | 37,112 | 27–75 | Men and women | FFQ | Quartiles | 9.0 | Age, sex, country of birth, EI, fat intake, cereal product intake | CRC, RC, CC | 9 |
USA | 148,610 | 50–74 | Men and women | FFQ | Quintiles | 9.0 | Age, EI,education, BMI,smoking, PA, multivitamin use, aspirin use, beer,wine,liquor, HRT,fruit intake, vegetable intake, high-fiber grain food intake | RC, CC, PC | 9 | |
Sweden | 61,433 | 40–75 | Women | FFQ | Quartiles | 13.9 | Age, BMI, education, EI, alcohol, saturated fat intake, calcium intake, folate intake, fruit intake, vegetable intake, whole-grain food intake | CRC, RC, GC, PC | 7 | |
Europe | 478,040 | 21–83 | Men and women | FFQ | Quintiles | 4.8 | Age, sex, center,EI,height, weight,PA,smoking, dietary fiber intake, alcohol intake | CRC, RC, CC, GC, EC, PC, HCC | 9 | |
Sauvaget 2005 (LSS) [52] | Japan | 38,576 | 34–98 | Men and women | FFQ | Tertiles | 20.0 | Age, sex, city, radiation dose, smoking, education | GC | 7 |
USA | 190,545 | 45–75 | Men and women | FFQ | Quintiles | 7.0 | Age, sex, ethnicity, history of diabetes,family history of PC,smoking, EI | PC, CRC | 8 | |
Berndt 2006 (CLUE II) [56] | USA | 1,583 | 48.5 | Men and women | FFQ | Tertiles | 13.5 | Age, race, EI | CRC | 6 |
Kabat 2007 (CNBSS) [57] | Canada | 49,654 | 40–59 | Women | FFQ | Quintiles | 16.4 | Age, BMI, menopausalstatus, OC use, HRT,dietary fat intake, fiber intake, folic acid intake, EI,smoking, alcohol, education, PA | CRC, RC, CC | 7 |
USA | 494,036 | 50–71 | Men and women | FFQ | Quintiles | 8.2 | Age, sex, education, marital status, family history of cancer, race, BMI, smoking, PA, EI, alcohol, fruit and vegetable intake | ES, GC, CRC, HCC, PC | 9 | |
Singapore | 61,321 | 45–74 | Men and women | FFQ | Quartiles | 10.0 | Age, sex, dialect group,interview year, history of diabetes, smoking,BMI, alcohol,education, PA, family history of CRC, EI | CRC, HCC | 8 | |
Lee 2009 (SWHS) [66] | China | 73,224 | 40–70 | Women | FFQ | Quintiles | 7.4 | Age, education,income, survey season,tea intake, NSAID use,EI, fiber intake | CRC, RC, CC | 8 |
Heinen 2009 (NLCS) [67-69 | Netherlands | 3,980 | 55–69 | Men and women | FFQ | Quintiles | 13.3 | Age, energy intake, sex, smoking, alcohol, history of diabetes, history of hypertension, BMI,vegetable intake, fruit intake | PC, GC, EC, CRC, RC, CC | 7 |
Wie 2014 (CSEC) [70] | Korea | 8,024 | 48.4 | Men and women | 3-days food records | Median | 7.0 | Age, sex, EI, BMI, PA,smoking,alcohol use, income,education, marital status | CRC, GC | 7 |
USA | 49,103 | 21–69 | Women | FFQ | Tertiles | 15.1 | Age, geographic regionof residence, EI, smoking, family history of CRC, education,menopausal status,diabetes, insulin use,aspirin use,colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, alcohol, BMI | CRC, CC, PC | 8 | |
Hastert 2016 (VITAL) [73] | USA | 66,920 | 50–76 | Men and women | FFQ | Median | 7.6 | Age, education,race/ethnicity, receipt of colonoscopy orsigmoidoscopy, family history of CC or RC, NSAID use, history of cancer other than CRC, EI | CRC | 7 |
Jones 2017 (UKWCS) [74] | UK | 32,154 | 52 | Women | FFQ | Quintiles | 17.4 | Age, BMI, EI, PA, smoking,socioeconomic status,family history of CRC | CRC, RC, CC | 8 |
Wada 2017 (Takayama) [75] | Japan | 30,331 | ≥ 35 | Men and women | FFQ | Quartiles | 16.0 | Age, height, BMI,PA,smoking, education,aspirin use, alcohol, fiber intake,calcium intake, vitamin D intake, EI | CRC, RC, CC | 7 |
Pang 2018 (CKB) [76] | China | 512,891 | 30–79 | Men and women | FFQ | Median | 9.0 | Age, sex, study area, education, smoking,alcohol, BMI, PA | PC | 8 |
France | 61,476 | ≥ 35 | Men and women | 24-hour dietary records | Quintiles | 4.1 | Age, sex, EI,alcohol, number of 24-hour dietary records, smoking,education, PA, height, BMI,family history of cancer, lipids intake,fruit intake, vegetable intake, number of children, red meat intake, processed meat intake | CRC | 7 | |
Japan | 232,403 | 40–79 | Men and women | FFQ | Quartiles | ≥ 10.0 | Age, area, history of diabetes, BMI,smoking, alcohol, PA, EI, calcium intake, fiber intake | CRC, RC, CC | 7 | |
Mehta 2020 (Sister study) [81] | USA and Puerto Rico | 48,704 | 35–74 | Women | FFQ | Quartiles | 8.7 | EI, BMI,education, PA, race/ethnicity,family history of CRC | CRC, RC, CC | 7 |
Nguyen 2020 (SMHS) [82] | China | 60,161 | 40–74 | Men | FFQ | Quartiles | 8.1 | Sex, age, education,income levels,smoking, alcohol intake,multivitamin use, family history ofCRC, BMI, PA, EI,metabolic condition | CRC, RC, CC | 8 |
Barrubes 2020 (PREDIMED) [83] | Spain | 7,216 | 55–80 | Men and women | FFQ | Quartiles | 6.0 | Age, sex, intervention group, smoking, family history of cancer,education, history of diabetes, EI,aspirin use, weight, PA, plant food intake, fast food and processed food intake, sugar-sweetened beverage intake, alcohol | CRC | 6 |
O’Sullivan 2020 (ATP) [84] | Canada | 26,460 | 50.9 | Men and women | Diet history questionnaire | Tertiles | 13.2 | Age, sex, BMI, fruit and vegetable intake,alcohol, PA, smoking,ethnicity, household income, education,family history of CRC, red or processed meat intake | CRC | 7 |
Mejborn 2020 (DNSDPA) [85] | Denmark | 6,282 | 54.0 | Men and women | 7-day pre-coded food diaries | Tertiles | 10.8 | Sex, education,ethnicity, smoking,PA,alcohol, BMI,EI | CRC | 6 |
Zhang 2020 (PLCO) [86] | USA | 95,962 | 55–74 | Men and women | Diet history questionnaire | Tertiles | 8.9 | Age, sex, race, education, smoking, aspirin use, history of diabetes, family history of PC, EI,PA, weight, diet rich in whole grains,vegetables, fruit, and beans, ultra-processed food intake, sugar-sweetened drink intake,alcohol, breastfeeding | PC | 9 |
UK | 474,996 | 37–73 | Men and women | FFQ | Quintiles | 6.9 | Age, region, ethnicity, deprivation,qualification, employment, living with spouse/partner, height, smoking, PA, alcohol, fruit and vegetable intake, cereal fiber intake, cheese intake,milk added to tea/coffee/cereal, oily fish intake, non-oily fish intake, menopausal status, parity, HRT, OC use | EC, GC, CRC, CC, RC, HCC, PC | 8 | |
Collatuzzo 2022 (GCS) [91] | Iran | 50,045 | 40–75 | Men and women | FFQ | Quintiles | 12.0 | Age, sex, BMI, ethnicity, place of residence, education and hot tea consumption | PC, EC, GC | 7 |