Table 1 Study characteristics of included studies for systematic review and meta-analysis (n=75)
First Author, year | Study Design | Study Period | Sample size | Exposure | Outcome of interest | Estimates | Covariates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abubakar, 2018 [20] | Case-case | 2003–2016 | 3,012 cases | Menarche, parity, breastfeeding, age at first full pregnancy | Luminal B-like, HER2 enriched BC, TN BC | OR (95% CI) | Ethnicity, Menarche, Parity and BF, Age at FFP, Family History, BMI |
Ambrosone, 2014 [21] | Case–control | 2002–2008 | 917 (1,015 controls) | Breastfeeding, lactation, parity | TN BC | OR (95% CI) | Number of live births, breastfeeding, months breastfeeding, parity and lactation |
Atkinson, 2016 [22] | Case–control | 2004–2012 | 224 (396 controls) | Age at menarche, parity, age at first pregnancy, breastfeeding history, menopausal status | TN BC, HER2neu + BC, Luminal | OR (95% CI) | Age, age of menarche, parity, number of children, nulliparous, age at first pregnancy, breast-feeding history, body mass index, smoking history, menopausal status, breast cancer family history |
Beaber, 2014 [23] | Case–control | 2004–2010 | 985 cases (882 controls) | Lifetime duration of OC use, OC: current use vs. Never, Duration of OC use in the prior 5 years, time since last use, age at first use | ER-/HER2 + BC, TH BC, ER + , ER- | OR (95%CI) | Lifetime duration of OC use, OC: current use vs. Never, Duration of OC use in the prior 5 years, time since last use, age at first use |
Benefield, 2021 [24] | Case–control and Case-case | 1993–2013 | 2,354 cases (2,932 controls) | Age at menarche, age at first full-term birth, parity and breastfeeding, lifetime breastfeeding duration, OC use | ER-/HER2 + BC, Luminal B BC, Basal-like BC | OR (95%CI) | Age at menarche, age at first full-term birth, parity and breastfeeding, lifetime breastfeeding duration, OC use, BMI, WHR |
Bethea, 2015 [25] | Case–Control | 1995–2015 | 494 (10,044 controls) | OC use | TN BC and all other subtypes | OR (95% CI) | Never users, ever users, OC recency, OC duration, joint OC exposure |
Brandao, 2021 [26] | Case–control | 2015–2017 | 138 cases (638 controls) | Parity, number of live births | HR- BC, HR + BC, HR + /HER2-, HER2 + BC, TN BC | aOR (95%CI) | Parity, number of live births |
Brouckaert, 2017 [27] | Case -control and Case-case | N/A | 11, 328 cases | Age at menarche, Age at FFTP, Parity | Luminal B-like, Luminal HER2-like, HER2-like, TNBC, HER2 + BC | OR (95% CI) | Parity, age at menarche, age at FFTP |
Cerne, 2012 [28] | Case control | 2006–2008 | 784 (709 controls) | Age at Menarche, Full-term pregnancy, Breastfeeding, Age at first full-term pregnancy, Duration of OC use (years), Duration of HRT use (years) | HER2 + BC, HER2- BC | OR (95% CI) | Body mass index, age at menarche, full-term pregnancy, breastfeeding, age at first full-term pregnancy, infertility treatment, duration of OC use, Duration of HRT, Regimen of HRT, Number of mammograms, first-degree relative with breast and/or ovarian cancer, smoking, alcohol consumption |
Chauhan R., 2020 [29] | Cohort | Jan – Dec 2019 | 446 cases | Menopausal status | Luminal A BC, Luminal B BC, Her2 overexpression BC, TN BC | N (%) | Menopausal status |
Chen, 2016 [30] | Case-case | 2004–2012 | 2,710 cases | Number of full-term pregnancies, Age at first full time pregnancy, Age at menopause, Ever breast fed a child, Breastfeeding duration, | Luminal B BC, TN BC, HER2-overexpressing BC | OR (95% CI) | Number of full-term pregnancies, Age at first full time pregnancy, Age at menopause, Age at menarche, Ever breast fed a child, Breastfeeding duration |
Collins L.C, 2015 [31] | Cohort | 2006-2015 | 707 cases | Parity, time since last pregnancy | Luminal A BC, Luminal B BC, HER2 overexpressing BC, TN BC | N (%) | Parity, time since last pregnancy |
Cruz, 2013 [32] | Case-case | 2007–2010 | 627 cases | Time since last full-term pregnancy | HER2 + BC | OR (95% CI) | Time since last full-term pregnancy |
Cui, 2014 [33] | Case–control | 2001–2011 | 2,510 cases | HRT use BMI < 25 | Luminal A BC, Luminal B BC, HER2 overexpression BC, TN BC | OR (95% CI) | HRT use, Hysterectomy with/w/o bilateral oophorectomy |
De Mulder, 2018 [34] | Cohort study | 2000–2009 | 1,306 cases | Time since last pregnancy | Luminal A-like BC, Luminal B-like BC, Luminal HER-2 BC, HER-2-like BC | OR (95% CI) | Time since last pregnancy |
Devi, 2012 [35] | Case-case | 1998–2009 | 1,034 cases | Menopausal status, Age at menopause, Age at menarche, Parity, Average duration of breastfeeding (months) | HER2-overexpressing BC, TN BC | OR (95% CI) | Ethnicity, age at diagnosis, menopausal status, age at menopause, familial history, age at menarche, parity, average duration of breastfeeding (months), BMI, BMI premenopausal, BMI postmenopausal |
Dogan, 2011 [36] | Case–control | N/A | 500 cases | HRT, Lactation, Age at menopause, Age at menarche | Luminal B BC, HER + BC, TN BC | OR (95% CI) | HRT, Tumor size, BMI, IDC, ILC, ILC-ITC, Axillary involvement, Lactation, age at menopause, age at menarche, age |
Dolle, 2009 [37] | Case–control study | 1983–1992 | 1,286 cases | Age at menarche, Number of live births, Age of first birth, Lactation, Abortion, OC use, OC duration | HER2 + , HER-, TN BC | OR (95% CI) | Age, race, education, annual income, family history of breast cancer, BMI, smoking, alcohol use, age at menarche, number of live births, age at first birth, lactation, abortion, OC use, OC duration, age at first use, years since first use, years since last use |
Ellingjord-Dale, 2017 [38] | Case–control | 2006 to 2014 | 6,471 (32,355 controls) | Age at first birth, Number of pregnancies lasting 6 + mos, breastfeeding duration in parous women, menopausal status, age at menopause, age at start of OC use, duration of OC, age at start of intrauterine device, duration of intrauterine device yrs, HT use, duration of HT use yrs, duration of estrogen and progesterone use yrs | Luminal A BC, Luminal B like-HER2- BC, Luminal B like-HER2 + BC, HER2 overexpressing BC, TN BC | OR (95% CI) | Age at first birth, number of pregnancies lasting 6 + months, parous women duration of breast feeding (months), menopausal status, age at menopause, age at start of OC (years), duration of OC (years), age at start of intrauterine device (years), duration of intrauterine device (years), HT use, duration of HT (years), Duration of estrogen and progesterone therapy (years) |
Fortner, 2019 [16] | Case-case | 1976–2013 | 12,452 cases | Parity/breastfeeding | Luminal A BC, Luminal B BC, HER2-enriched BC, Basal-like BC | HR (95% CI) | Nulliparous, parous women never breastfed, parous women ever breastfed |
Gaudet, 2011 [39] | Case–control | 1980–1982 | 890 (3,432 controls) | Age at menarche, Nulliparous, Age at first birth per 5 years (among parous), Month of breastfeeding per 6 months (among parous), Ever use of OC | Luminal A BC, Luminal B BC, Her-2/neu + BC, TN BC | OR (95% CI) | Age at diagnosis, age at menarche, nulliparous, age at first birth per 5 years (among parous), months of breastfeeding per 6 months (among parous), BMI per WHO category (by menopausal status), benign breast disease, positive family history of breast cancer |
Gaudet, 2018 [40] | Case-case | 1990–2006 | 11,741 (606,025 controls) | Parity, Age at first live birth among parous women, age at menarche, age at menopause, ever use of OC | Luminal A BC, Luminal B BC, HER2-enriched BC, TN BC | HR (95% CI) | Parity, number of live births among parous women, age at live birth among parous women, age at menarche, years between menarche and first birth among parous women, age at menopause, ever use of oral contraceptives, first-degree family history of breast cancer, personal history of benign breast disease, BMI |
Giudici, 2017 [41] | Case–control | 2006–2014 | 286 (578 controls) | Age at menarche, OC use, breastfeeding duration | Luminal A BC, Luminal B BC | OR (95% CI) | Age at menarche, BMI, Oral contraceptive use, benign breast disease, family history of breast cancer, breastfeeding duration |
Holm, 2017 [42] | Case–control | 2011–2013 | 2,632 (15,945 controls) | Parity, age at first birth parous women only, Breastfeeding, parous women only, Breastfeeding including all women | Luminal A BC, Luminal B BC, HER2-overexpressing BC, Basal-like BC | OR (95% CI) | Parity, age at first birth, breastfeeding, breastfeeding all women |
Horn, 2014 [43] | Case-case | 1961–2008 | 21,532 cases | Age at menarche, Age at first birth, Nulliparous versus parous, Breastfeeding (ever versus never), Breastfeeding (total duration) | Luminal A, Luminal B (HER2-), Luminal B (HER2 +), HER 2 BC, Basal-like BC | HR (95% CI) | Age at menarche, Age at first birth, Nulliparous versus parous, Number of births among parous women, Breastfeeding (ever versus never), Breastfeeding (total duration) |
Huang, 2000 [44] | Case–control | 1993—1996 | 577 cases (790 controls) | Age at menarche, age at FFTP yrs, age at FFTP yrs, Abortion/Miscarriage, Breastfeeding, OC use, HRT | HER-2/neu + BC, HER-2/neu- BC | OR (95% CI) | Age at menarche, nulliparity/age at first full-term pregnancy, abortion or miscarriage, breastfeeding, oral contraceptive use, hormone replacement therapy, body mass index, waist:hip ratio, first degree family history of breast or ovarian cancer, medical radiation to the chest, alcohol drinking during most recent age range, smoking, education |
Ihemelandu CU, 2007 [45] | Cohort | 1998–2005 | 372 cases | Menopausal status | Luminal A BC, Luminal B BC, HER2-overexpressing BC, TN BC | N (%) | Menopausal status |
Islam, 2012 [46] | Case–control | 2003–2005 | 706 cases (1,412 controls) | Age at menarche, parity, Age at first live birth years, Breastfeeding history, age at menopause | HER2-overexpressing BC, TN BC | OR (95% CI) | Age at menarche, parity, age at first live birth, breastfeeding history, age at menopause |
Jeong S.H., 2017 [47] | Case–control | 2004–2012 | 25,778 cases (101,017 controls) | Number of children, Breastfeeding duration | Luminal A BC, Luminal B BC, HER2-overexpressing BC, TN BC | OR (95%CI) | Parity, number of childbirths, breastfeeding, breastfeeding duration |
John, 2018 [48] | Case–control | 1995–2009 | 558 cases (5,111 controls) | Age at menarche, Parity by history of breastfeeding, Parity (number of FTPs), Duration of breast-feeding (months), Parity by breast-feeding duration (months) | TN BC | OR (95% CI) | Age at menarche, parity by history of breastfeeding, parity (number of FTPs), duration of breastfeeding (months), parity by breast-feeding duration (months) |
Kwan, 2009 [49] | Case-case | 1997–2008 | 2,544 invasive BC cases | Menopausal status, Age at first full-term pregnancy yrs, parity, Lifetime duration of breastfeeding, Parity among never breastfed, Parity among >  = 4 mos breastfed, HRT (postmenopausal only), OC use | Luminal B BC, HER2-overexpressing BC, TN BC | OR (95% CI) | Age at diagnosis, race/ethnicity, menopausal status, family history, age at first full-term pregnancy, parity, lifetime duration of breastfeeding, parity among breastfed, parity among 0 to 3 months breastfed, parity among >  = 4 months breastfed, alcohol use, smoking history, hormone replacement therapy (postmenopausal only), oral contraceptive use, BMI, BMI among premenopausal, BMI among postmenopausal |
Lee, 2011 [50] | Case-case | 1998–2003 | 1,167 cases | OC use, parity | TN BC | OR (95% CI) | Menarche, oral contraceptive use, parity, limited to women who had a full-term pregnancy, limited to premenopausal women |
Lee, 2014 [51] | Cohort study | 1993–2009 | 23,854 cases | Parity (yes vs no) | HER ± BC | OR (95% CI) | Age, breast operation, right/left, multiple tumors, Presence of LVI, NG, pT stage, pN stage, Stage, ER, PR, HER2 |
Lee, 2020 [52] | Case–control | 2011–2018 | 2,169 cases | Age at menarche, age at first birth, menopausal status, Breastfeeding frequency, parity | Luminal A BC, Luminal B BC, HER2-overexpressing BC, TN BC | OR (95% CI) | Age at menarche, age at first birth, menopausal status, breastfeeding frequency, parity, BMI |
Li, 2013 [53] | Case–control | 2004- 2010 | 1,025 cases (941 controls) | Age at menarche, pregnancy, number of live births, age at first live birth, Interval age at menarche-age at FLB, Age at most recent live birth, Time since last birth yrs, breastfeeding | HER2-overexpressing BC, TN BC | OR (95% CI) | Age at menarche, parity, number of live births, age at first live birth, interval between age at menarche and age at first live birth (parous women only), age at most recent live birth, years (parous women only), time since last live birth (years), parous women only), breastfeeding |
Li, 2017 [9] | Case–control | 2002 to 2010 | 1,256 cases (1,416 controls) | Menopausal status, Age at menarche, Age at first live birth, Breastfeeding, Age at first birth, Age at postmenopausal | Luminal BC, HER2-enriched BC, TN BC | OR (95% CI) | Age, menopausal status, age at menarche, age at first live birth, breastfeeding, age at post-menopause, |
Lorona, 2019 [54] | Case-case | 2004–2015 | 1,701 cases | OC use | Luminal B BC, HER2-overexpressing BC, TN BC | OR (95% CI) | OC use |
Ly M, 2012 [55] | Cohort | 2008–2011 | 114 cases | Age of menarche, yrs, Number of full-term pregnancies, Breastfeeding duration, mos, OC use | RH + HER- BC, RH + HER + BC, TN BC | Mean (range) | Age of menarche, yrs, Number of full-term pregnancies, Breastfeeding duration, mos, OC use |
Ma, 2010 [56] | Case–control | 1994–1998 | 1,197 cases (2,015 controls) | OC use, Duration of OC use, Age at first use, Duration: menarche and first OC use yrs, Time since last OC use, No. of FTP, Age at FFTP, Duration of breastfeeding mos | Luminal A BC, Luminal B BC, HER2-overexpressing BC, TN BC | OR (95% CI) | OC use, Duration of OC use, Age at first use, Duration: menarche and first OC use yrs, Time since last OC use, No. of FTP, Age at FFTP, Duration of breastfeeding mos |
Ma, 2017 [57] | Case–control | 1994–2003 | 2,658 cases (2,448 controls) | Age at menarches, Number of completed pregnancies, Only non-completed pregnancy vs. Never, Age at first completed pregnancy, Duration of breastfeeding mos, | Luminal A BC, Luminal B BC, HER2-overexpressing BC, TN BC | OR (95% CI) | Age at menarche, number of completed pregnancies, only non-completed pregnancy, age at first completed pregnancy, duration of breastfeeding |
Mane, 2015 [58] | Cohort | 2007–2012 | 521 cases | Menopausal status | Luminal B BC, HER2-enriched BC, TN BC | OR (95% CI) | Menopausal status, type of surgery, type of chemotherapy, tumor size, outcome (OS) |
Martinez, 2013 [59] | Case-case | 2007–2011 | 1,041 cases | Age at menarche, parity, Age at first full-term pregnancy, Time since last full-term pregnancy, Lifetime duration of breastfeeding, Breastfeeding duration per birth, Time from menarche to first pregnancy, Age at menopause, HRT, Hormone contraceptive use | HER2 + BC, TN BC | OR (95% CI) | Age at menarche, parity, age at first full-term pregnancy, time since last full-term pregnancy, lifetime duration of breastfeeding, breast feeding duration per birth, time from menarche to first pregnancy, age at menopause, HRT, Hormone contraceptive use |
Millikan, 2008 [60] | Case–control | 1993–2001 | 1,424 cases (2,022 controls) | Menopausal status, Age at menarche, Parity, Age at first full-term pregnancy, Lifetime duration lactation, OC use, HRT (postmenopausal women only), Number of children breastfed, Ave. number months breastfeeding per child, Lactation suppressant use, Parity and lactation, Parity and AFFTP, | HER2 + /ER- BC, Basal-like BC, Luminal A BC, Luminal B BC | OR (95% CI) | Age, race, menopausal status, family history, age at menarche, parity, age at first full-term pregnancy, lifetime duration lactation, alcohol use, smoking duration, oral contraceptive use, hormonal replacement therapy (postmenopausal women only), BMI, WHR |
Nichols HB, 2005 [61] | Case–control | 1993–1999 | 682 (649 controls) | Age at menarche, Parity, Age at FFTP, Cumulative lactation mos, | ER + BC, ER- BC, HER2/neu2 + BC, HER2/neu2- BC | OR (95%CI) | Age at menarche, Parity, Age at FFTP, Cumulative lactation mos, BMI |
Palmer, 2014 [62] | Case–control | 1993–2013 | 3,698 cases (14,180 controls) | Parity, number of births | TN BC | OR (95% CI) | Nulliparous, parous, number of births (among parous women only), Lactation, Lactation (number of births) |
Park, 2016 [63] | Case–control | 2001–2007 | 2,474 cases (3,163 controls) | Age at menarche, Age at menopause among postmenopausal women, Age at first birth among parous women, Period of breastfeeding among breast-fed women, OC use, Breast feeding duration, reproductive factors | Luminal A BC, Luminal B-HER2 Positive BC, HER2-overexpressing BC, TN BC | OR (95% CI) | Family history of breast cancer, reproductive factors (age at menarche, age at menopause among postmenopausal women, age at first birth among parous women, period of breastfeeding among breast fed women, OC) Lifestyle factors (BMI among postmenopausal women, exercise, alcohol drinking) |
Park, 2019 [64] | Cohort | 1996–2015 | 158,189 cases | Parity | Luminal A BC, Luminal B (high Ki67), Luminal B (HER2 +), HER2, TN BC | HR (95% CI) | Parity |
Phipps, 2008 [65] | Case–control | 1997–2004 | 1,233 cases (1,476 controls) | Age of menarche, parity, No. of live births, Age at 1st live birth, Breastfeeding history, Age at menopause, Hormone therapy use | Luminal BC, HER2-overexpressing BC, TN BC | OR (95% CI) | Age at menarche, parity, no. of live births, age at 1st birth, breastfeeding history, type of menopause, age at menopause, Hormone therapy use |
Case–control | 1993–1998 | 3,116 cases (150,529 controls) | Age at menarche, Age at menopause, Parity, Lifetime duration of use of OC, Age at first use of OC | TN BC | HR (95% CI) | Age at menarche, age at menopause, parity, parous women | |
Case–control | 1999–2008 | 10,896 cases (732,727 controls) | Parity, Age at first birth | ER-/PR-/HER2 + BC, TN BC | HR (95% CI) | Parity, Age at 1st birth | |
Pilewskie, 2012 [68] | Case–control | 1998–2011 | 175 parous, 114 nulliparous women | Parity, Excluding pregnant at diagnosis, Diagnosed when pregnant, Excluding lactating at diagnosis, Diagnosed when lactating, Excluding lactating within 6 months of diagnosis, Diagnosed within 6 months of lactating, Excluding diagnosed during or within 6 months of pregnancy, or while lactating, Diagnosed during or within 6 months of pregnancy, or while lactating | HER2 – BC, TN BC | OR (95% CI) | Time between pregnancy and BC diagnosis, Excluding pregnant at diagnosis, Diagnosed when pregnant, Excluding lactating at diagnosis, Diagnosed when lactating, Excluding lactating within 6 months of diagnosis, Diagnosed within 6 months of lactating, Excluding diagnosed during or wothin 6 months of pregnancy, or while lactating, Diagnosed during or within 6 months of pregnancy, or while lactating |
Pizzato, 2020 [69] | Case-case | 2008–2014 | 1,321 cases | Age at menarche, parity | Luminal BH- BC, Luminal BH + BC, HER2 + BC, TN BC | OR (95% CI) | Family history, Density BI-RADS, Education, Age at menarche, Parity |
Rauh C, 2015 [70] | Cohort | 1995–2008 | 2,587 cases | Age at menarche, Patients with completed FTP, Patients who had ever used HT, not a previous HT user | Luminal A BC, Luminal B BC, HER2 + BC, TN BC | N (%) mean + -SD | Age at menarche, Patients with completed FTP, Patients who had ever used HT, not a previous HT user |
Redondo, 2012 [71] | Case-case | 1997–2010 | 510 cases | Age at first full-term pregnancy, Age at menarche, Age at menopause, Menopausal status, Lifetime duration of breastfeeding, Parity, Parity <  = 2, Parity <  = 3 | TN BC | OR (95% CI) | Age at first full term pregnancy, age at menarche, age at diagnosis, age at menopause, menopausal status, family history, lifetime duration of breastfeeding, parity |
Rojas-Lima, 2020 [72] | Case–control | 2007–2011 | 1,045 cases (1,030 controls) | Age at menarche, Age at first pregnancy, Number of pregnancies, Breastfeeding (months), Use of hormonal contraceptive methods, Age at menopause | HER2 + BC, HR + /HER2- BC, HER2 + /HR + BC, TN BC, | OR (95% CI) | Age at menarche, age at first pregnancy, number of pregnancies, breastfeeding (months), use of hormonal contraceptives, age at menopause, estrogenic index |
Salagame U.G, 2018 [73] | Case–control | N/A | 410 (324 controls) | Current MHT use vs. never | ER + , ER + PR + , Luminal A BC, Luminal B BC | aOR (95%CI) | Current MHT use vs. never |
Sanderson, 2021 [74] | Case-case | 2012–2018 | 2,188 cases | HT, age at menarche, OC, parity, age at first birth, breastfeeding, age at menopause | ER + /HER2- BC, HER2 + BC, TN BC | OR (95% CI) | HT, age at menarche, OC, parity, age at first birth, breastfeeding, age at menopause |
Saxena, 2010 [19] | Cohort | 1995–2006 | 2,857 invasive BC cases (54,010 controls) | Duration of HT use | ER + or PR + w/HER2 BC-, TN BC, ER + PR + BC, ER-PR- BC | OR (95% CI) | Duration of HT use |
Shinde, 2010 [75] | Case-case | 2001–2006 | 2,511 cases | Premenopausal status, HRT duration, HRT duration in postmenopausal women, HRT use, Breastfeeding duration per child, month, Age at menarche, Age at first full-term pregnancy, parity | TN BC | OR (95% CI) | Breastfeeding duration per child, ethnicity, age at diagnosis, age at menarche, age at first full-term pregnancy, parity, premenopausal, HRT duration, HRT use, family history |
Sisti, 2016 [17] | Cohort | 1976–2006 | 3,768 cases | Age of menarche, Parity (ever/never), Parity (categorical), Age at first birth, Breastfeeding, Age at menopause, Hormone therapy (HT) use, Time between menarche and first birth (22 yr increase), Duration of pre-menopause (1 yr increase), Duration of menopause (1 yr increase), | Luminal A BC, Luminal B BC, HER2-enrirched BC, Basal-like BC | HR (95% CI) | Age at menarche, parity (ever/never), parity (categorical), age at first birth, breastfeeding, age at menopause, hormone therapy use, Time between menarche and first birth, birth index, duration of pre-menopause, duration of menopause |
Song, 2014 [76] | Case-case | 2001–2007 | 3,058 cases | Age at menarche, Age at first pregnancy, Number of pregnancies, Number of children, Age at first full-term pregnancy among parous women, Breastfeeding among parous women, Duration of endogenous estrogen exposure before the first full-term pregnancy, years, Duration of total endogenous estrogen exposure years | HR- HER2- BC, HR + HER2 +  | OR (95% CI) | Age, family history of breast cancer, BMI, Age at menarche, number of children, age at first full-term pregnancy among parous women, breastfeeding among parous women, duration of endogenous estrogen exposure before first full-term pregnancy, duration of total endogenous estrogen exposure |
Sung, 2016 [77] | Case–control | N/A | 5,040 cases | Age at menarche, Parity, Age at first full-term pregnancy, Number of live births, Breastfeeding | Luminal A Basal BC | OR (95% CI) | Family history of breast cancer, age at menarche, parity, age at first full-term pregnancy, number of live births, breastfeeding, BMI |
Sung, 2020 [78] | Case-case | 2003–2015 | 2,977 cases | Parity, breastfeeding | HR Negative | OR (95% CI) | BMI, Parity/age at first birth, Breastfeeding |
Tamimi, 2012 [18] | Case-case | 1976–1996 | 2,022 cases | Age at menarche, Parity, Age at first birth, Age at menopause, Menopausal status/PMH use, Lactation | Luminal A BC, Luminal B BC, HER2 BC, Basal-like BC | RR (95% CI) | Age at menarche, BMI at age 18, Weight gain since 18, Parity, age at first birth, age at menopause, menopausal status/PMH use, alcohol consumption, lactation, family history of breast cancer |
Trivers, 2009 [79] | Case–control | 1990 and 1992 | 476 cases (913 controls) | Age at first birth, yrs, No. of FTB, Recency of birth yrs, Breastfeeding, breastfeeding mos, Age at menarche, yrs | Luminal A BC, Luminal B BC, HER2-overexpressing BC, TN BC | OR (95% CI) | Race, age at diagnosis, education, poverty index, smoking status, alcohol, age at menarche, age at first birth, no of full-term births, recency of birth, breastfeeding, breastfeeding months, BMI, Physical activity-year before interview |
Tsakountakis, 2005 [80] | Case–control | 1996–2002 | 384 cases (566 controls) | Age at FFP, Abortion/miscarriage, OC use, Age at menarche, Use of estrogen | HER2/neu + BC, HER2/neu—BC | OR (95% CI) | Age at first full pregnancy, body mass index, abortion or miscarriage, first degree family history, use of oral contraceptives, age of menarche |
Turkoz, 2013 [81] | Case-case | 1983–2011 | 1,884 cases | Age at menarche, Age at menopause, Age at first full-term pregnancy, Number of children, Breastfeeding, OC use, HRT use, In vitro fertilization | Luminal A BC, Luminal B BC, HER2-overexpressing BC, TN BC | OR (95% CI) | Age, family history, blood type, use of hand, age at menarche, age at menopause, age at first full term pregnancy, number of children, breastfeeding, oral contraceptive use, HRT use, In vitro fertilization, obesity, smoking |
Von Au, 2017 [82] | Case-case | 2009–2014 | 1,082 cases | Number of children, Duration of breastfeeding, Age at first birth | Non-luminal BC vs. luminal like BC | OR (95% CI) | Number of children, duration of breastfeeding, age at diagnosis, BMI, Smoking behavior, age at first birth |
Wang, 2020 [83] | Case–control | 2012–2017 | 3,792 cases (4,182 controls) | Parity vs no parity, Number of live births, Age at first live birth, Breastfeeding (parous women), | Luminal A BC, Luminal B BC, HER2-enriched BC, TN BC | OR (95% CI) | Age of menarche, parity vs. no parity, number of live births, age at first live birth, breastfeeding (parous women) |
Work M.E., 2014 [84] | Case-case | 1995–2004 | 4,011 cases (2,997 controls) | High parity and breastfeeding, OC use commenced prior 1975, OC use, Parity, Breastfeeding duration, Parous, never breastfed vs. Nulliparous, Parous, ever breastfed vs. nulliparous | ER-PR- BC, HR + BC | OR (95% CI) | High parity and breastfeeding, OC use commenced prior 1975, OC use, Parity, Breastfeeding duration, Parous, never breastfed vs. Nulliparous, Parous, ever breastfed vs. nulliparous |
Xing, 2010 [85] | Case–control | 2001–2009 | 1,417 cases (1,587 controls) | Age of menarche, Parity, Breastfeeding, Age at first live birth, Menopausal status, Age at menopause, Spontaneous abortion, Induced abortion | Luminal A BC, Luminal B BC, HER2-overexpressing BC, TN BC | OR (95% CI) | Age at menarche, parity, breastfeeding, age at first live birth, menopausal status, age at menopause, first-degree family history of breast cancer, hysteromyoma history, spontaneous abortion, induced abortion |
Yang, 2007 [86] | Case–control | 2000–2003 | 842 cases (2,502 controls) | Age at menarche (per 2 yr increase), Number of full-term births, Age at first full-term birth (per 5 yr increase), Age at menopause (per 5 yr increase) | Luminal A BC, Luminal B BC, HER2-overexpressing BC, Basal-like BC | OR (95% CI) | Age at menarche, number of fullterm births, age at first full term birth, age at menopause, BMI in premenopausal, BMI in postmenopausal, Family history |
Ye, 2019 [87] | Case–control and Case-case | 2014–2017 | 1,118 cases (2,284 controls) | History of abortion, History of spontaneous abortion, history of induced abortion, Menopausal status, Age at menopause | Luminal A BC, Luminal B BC, HER2-overexpressing BC, TN BC | OR (95% CI) | Menopausal status, age at menopause, history of abortion, history of spontaneous abortion, breast density, tumor location |
Yuan X., 2009 [88] | Cohort | 2004–2009 | 274 cases | Age at menarche yrs, Age at first live birth yrs, Age at menopause, Ever breastfeeding | HER2 + BC, HER2—BC | N(%) Mean ± SD | Age at menarche yrs, Age at first live birth yrs, Age at menopause, Ever breastfeeding |
Zhang, 2019 [89] | Cohort | 2004–2014 | 8,067 cases | Age of menarche, Number of pregnancy, Age at first full term pregnancy (years), Number of live births, Months of breastfeeding, Abortion, OC, HRT, menopause | Luminal B BC, HER2-enriched BC, Basal-like BC | OR (95% CI) | BMI, Age of menarche, number of pregnancy, age at first full term pregnancy, number of live births, months of breastfeeding, abortion, oral contraceptive, HRT, Menopause, Benign breast disease, smoking, alcohol drinking, negative events, first degree family history of breast cancer, breast density |