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Table 3 Univariable and multivariable analyses of risk factors for 5-year disease-specific and overall survival in the entire study cohort (n = 2327) according to average hazard ratio (AHR, weighted Cox regression) using the day of surgery as the index date

From: Early relapse is an adverse prognostic factor for survival outcomes in patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma: results from a nationwide registry study

Risk factor

Disease-specific survival

Overall survival

Univariable analysisa

Stepwise multivariable analysisa

Univariable analysisa

Stepwise multivariable analysisa

AHR (95% CI)

p

AHR (95% CI)

p

AHR (95% CI)

p

AHR (95% CI)

p

Relapse interval

        

Late (> 330 days)

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

Early (≤ 330 days)

4.05 (3.63–4.51)

< 0.0001

3.24 (2.90–3.62)

< 0.0001

4.70 (4.24–5.20)

< 0.0001

3.91 (3.51–4.35)

< 0.0001

Tumor subsite

        

Lip

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

Tongue

1.46 (1.05–2.04)

0.0254

-

ns

1.25 (0.93–1.69)

0.1363

-

ns

Gum

1.52 (1.07–2.16)

0.0189

-

ns

1.32 (0.96–1.81)

0.0885

-

ns

Mouth floor

1.32 (0.88–1.99)

0.1819

-

ns

1.26 (0.87–1.83)

0.2199

-

ns

Hard palate

1.53 (0.93–2.50)

0.0942

-

ns

1.56 (1.01–2.41)

0.0443

-

ns

Buccal

1.23 (0.88–1.72)

0.2204

-

ns

1.07 (0.79–1.45)

0.6544

-

ns

Retromolar

1.26 (0.84–1.87)

0.2604

-

ns

1.18 (0.82–1.68)

0.3698

-

ns

Other sites

1.03 (0.64–1.64)

0.9160

-

ns

1.13 (0.74–1.72)

0.574

-

ns

Sex

        

Men

0.92 (0.76–1.12)

0.3968

-

ns

0.93 (0.77–1.13)

0.4785

1.24 (1.02–1.52)

0.0297

Women

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

Age (years)

        

< 65

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

≥ 65

1.19 (1.02–1.39)

0.0258

1.22 (1.03–1.44)

0.0197

1.24 (1.08–1.43)

0.0026

1.32 (1.13–1.54)

0.0004

Alcohol drinking

        

No

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

Yes

1.07 (0.96–1.20)

0.2129

-

ns

1.08 (0.97–1.20)

0.1703

-

ns

Missing information

0.45 (0.15–1.34)

0.1502

-

ns

0.50 (0.18–1.08)

0.1802

-

ns

Betel quid chewing

        

No

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

Yes

1.07 (0.95–1.20)

0.2967

-

ns

1.08 (0.96–1.21)

0.1900

-

ns

Missing information

1.08 (0.57–2.06)

0.8074

-

ns

1.23 (0.74–2.06)

0.4168

-

ns

Cigarette smoking

        

No

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

Yes

0.93 (0.82–1.07)

0.3127

-

ns

0.97 (0.85–1.10)

0.5898

-

ns

Missing information

1.26 (0.33–4.75)

0.7366

-

ns

1.14 (0.29–4.41)

0.8506

-

ns

Pathologic T status

        

T1

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

T2

1.90 (1.56–2.33)

< 0.0001

-

ns

1.93 (1.60–2.34)

< 0.0001

1.45 (1.17–1.79)

0.0006

T3

2.80 (2.27–3.44)

< 0.0001

-

ns

2.92 (2.39–3.55)

< 0.0001

1.58 (1.20–2.08)

0.0012

T4

4.16 (3.43–5.03)

< 0.0001

-

ns

4.59 (3.84–5.49)

< 0.0001

1.95 (1.51–2.51)

< 0.0001

Pathologic N status

        

pN0

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

pN1

1.91 (1.61–2.26)

< 0.0001

1.23 (0.99–1.53)

0.0670

1.86 (1.58–2.19)

< 0.0001

1.38 (1.14–1.66)

0.0009

pN2

2.44 (2.10–2.83)

< 0.0001

1.43 (1.17–1.74)

0.0004

2.36 (2.06–2.71)

< 0.0001

1.64 (1.41–1.92)

< 0.0001

pN3

3.77 (3.31–4.30)

< 0.0001

1.79 (1.48–2.15)

< 0.0001

4.05 (3.56–4.60)

< 0.0001

2.26 (1.94–2.63)

< 0.0001

Pathologic stage

        

I

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

II

1.51 (1.17–1.94)

< 0.0001

1.24 (0.95–1.62)

0.1120

1.57 (1.24–1.98)

0.0001

-

ns

III

2.58 (2.03–3.29)

< 0.0001

1.71 (1.27–2.30)

0.0004

2.53 (2.01–3.17)

< 0.0001

-

ns

IV

5.14 (4.14–6.38)

< 0.0001

2.10 (1.57–2.80)

< 0.0001

5.44 (4.46–6.64)

< 0.0001

-

ns

Tumor differentiation

        

Well

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

Moderately

1.41 (1.23–1.61)

< 0.0001

-

ns

1.41 (1.25–1.60)

< 0.0001

1.06 (0.92–1.22)

0.4426

Poorly

2.11 (1.77–2.52)

< 0.0001

-

ns

2.25 (1.91–2.66)

< 0.0001

1.36 (1.14–1.62)

0.0006

Undifferentiated

8.47 (1.68–42.65)

< 0.0001

-

ns

7.79 (1.51–40.15)

< 0.0001

1.41 (0.27–7.34)

0.6838

Depth of invasion

        

< 10 mm

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

≥ 10 mm

2.25 (2.01–2.52)

< 0.0001

1.92 (1.68–2.20)

0.0153

2.35 (2.11–2.61)

< 0.0001

1.19 (1.001–1.42)

0.0483

Margin status

        

< 5 mm

1.11 (0.997–1.23)

0.0560

-

ns

1.11 (1.01–1.23)

0.034

-

ns

≥ 5 mm

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

Extra-nodal extension

        

No

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

Yes

2.55 (2.27–2.85)

< 0.0001

-

ns

2.74 (2.46–3.05)

< 0.0001

-

ns

Treatment modality

        

S alone

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

S plus CT + S plus RT + S plus CT and RT

2.29 (2.04–2.58)

< 0.0001

-

ns

2.28 (2.05–2.55)

< 0.0001

-

ns

Distant relapse

        

No

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

Yes

3.16 (2.82–3.54)

< 0.0001

1.92 (1.68–2.20)

< 0.0001

3.63 (3.25–4.06)

< 0.0001

2.30 (2.02–2.63)

< 0.0001

  1. AHR average hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, ns not significant, S surgery, CT chemotherapy, RT radiotherapy
  2. a In univariable analyses, each covariate was added separately to the Cox regression model. In multivariable analysis, all covariates were entered into the Cox regression using a stepwise procedure for variable selection. The symbol “-” indicates that the corresponding variable was excluded from the Cox regression model after applying the stepwise selection procedure
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