Table 2 Univariate and multivariate COX regression analysis for overall survival in the training cohort

Age (years)

 60

1

 ≥ 60

1.114 (0.797–1.557)

Sex

 Male

1

 Female

0.928 (0.652–1.320)

BMI (kg/m²)

 18.5

1

  ≥ 18.5

0.953 (0.644–1.410)

Preoperative weight loss

 3%

1

  ≥ 3%

0.737 (0.480–1.133)

GOOSS

 0/1

1

 2/3

0.968 (0.692–1.355)

PS

 0/1

1

1

 2/3

1.502 (1.041–2.167)

1.329 (0.904–1.955)

Extent of tumor

 Distal stomach

1

1

 Total stomach

1.980 (1.283–3.057)

1.586 (0.967–2.601)

Surgical procedure

 Radical gastrectomy

1

1

 Palliative gastrectomy

2.975 (2.034–4.351)

6.602 (2.385–18.273)

Intraoperative blood loss

 < 100 ml

1

 ≥ 100 ml

1.667 (0.975–2.852)

Period of chemotherapy

 0

1

1

 1–7

0.664 (0.455–0.967)

0.394 (0.257–0.605)

 ≥ 8

0.357 (0.222–0.573)

0.222 (0.130–0.377)

T stage

 T1-T3

1

1

 T4a

3.176 (1.895–5.322)

1.865 (1.058–3.287)

 T4b

5.020 (2.837–8.885)

2.854 (1.496–5.445)

N stage

 N0-N2

1

 N3a

1.555 (1.009–2.395)

1.702 (1.082–2.678)

 N3b

1.779 (1.168–2.710)

1.707 (1.060–2.748)

M stage

 M0

1

1

 M1

2.633 (1.820–3.809)

0.505 (0.199–1.281)

Differentiation status

 Poor

1

 Well or Moderate

0.830 (0.477–1.443)

Tumor size (cm)

 ≤ 5

1

1

 > 5

1.659 (1.144–2.407)

0.868 (0.577–1.306)

Complications

 No

1

 Yes

1.243 (0.765–2.018)

CEA (ng/mL)

 5

1

1

 ≥ 5

1.584 (1.060–2.367)

1.216 (0.792–1.868)

CA19-9 (U/mL)

 27

1

 ≥ 27

1.400 (0.988–1.983)

HGB (g/L)

 ≤ 120

1

 120

0.808 (0.571–1.144)

WBC (× 10⁹ /L)

 ≤ 9.5

1

 9.5

1.618 (0.912–2.868)

SII

 1185.2

1

1

 ≥ 1185.2

1.720 (1.186–2.495)

2.062 (1.394–3.050)

PNI

 36.5

1

1

 ≥ 36.5

0.547 (0.332–0.901)

0.839 (0.493–1.428)

Fibrinogen

 Normal

1

1

 Elevated

1.637 (1.139–2.351)

1.553 (1.054–2.287)

Na (mmol/L)

 ≤ 137

1

 137

0.793 (0.510–1.232)

K (mmol/L)

 ≤ 3.5

1

 3.5

0.685 (0.386–1.214)