Fig. 1

Outline of study design. The performance of reviewed panels was assessed using RRBS with 28 BC patient samples with 17 non-BC controls (15 healthy samples and 2 patient samples with non-BC bladder diseases). After a new panel was composed, for comparison with RRBS results, 18 BC samples and 15 healthy samples from the RRBS cohort were tested by the new panel with qMSP. The new panel was then analytically validated with synthesized plasmids. Another cohort with 107 BC patients, 24 non-BC patients with other bladder diseases and 76 healthy controls was used to validate new panel’s performance. BC: bladder cancer, qMSP: quantitative methylation-specific PCR, LOD: limit of detection