Fig. 6

DCA increased T cell viability. 2 × 10⁵ DCA-treated Raji cells were co-cultured with T cells at 1:1 ratios for 48 h. The apoptotic cells were measured using the annexin V/PI apoptosis detection kit. Anti-CD3 staining was used to differentiate T cells from tumor cells. (A) Representative gating strategy. Cells were gated on a forward vs. side scatter dot plot and CD3-positive cells were gated. (B) Flow cytometry density plots representing annexin V (X-axis) and PI (Y-axis) staining of T cells. Annexin V-positive and PI-negative staining indicating early apoptosis. Both the annexin V and PI-positive populations show late apoptosis, annexin V-negative and PI-positive population depict necrosis, both the annexin V and PI-negative staining indicating live cells. (C) Bar graphs display the average percentage of 4 groups of cells populations in different conditions (Mean ± SD of three assays). Two-way ANOVA was used to examine the difference between groups. Tukey’s post hoc test was used to compare means. (***P < 0.001) ns: Not significant, PI: propidium iodide, SD: standard deviation. Simple lines above the bars in the bar graph show comparisons between multiple groups, but the capped line shows a comparison between certain two groups