Skip to main content

Table 2 Adjusted HRs for dietary sodium, selenium, zinc, phosphorus and iron at breakfast, lunch and dinner and cancer, and all-cause mortality

From: The association of minerals intake in three meals with cancer and all-cause mortality: the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003–2014

 

Cancer mortality

All-cause mortality

 

Case/N

HR (95%CI)

Case/N

HR (95%CI)

Sodium (breakfast)

 Q1(0.00,241.00)

96/5554

1

415/5554

1

 Q2(241.50,451.00)

127/5515

1.26 (0.96–1.66)

573/5515

1.04 (0.92–1.19)

 Q3(451.50,706.00)

118/5477

1.07 (0.81–1.42)

581/5477

0.97 (0.85–1.10)

 Q4(706.50,1104.00)

130/5480

1.15 (0.88–1.52)

610/5480

1.03 (0.90–1.17)

 Q5(1104.50,7315.50)

130/5429

1.31 (0.99–1.73)

501/5429

1.02 (0.89–1.18)

P for trend

 

0.194

 

0.843

Sodium (lunch)

 Q1(0.00,133.50)

133/5372

1

573/5372

1

 Q2(134.00,675.00)

142/5556

1.10 (0.86–1.40)

614/5556

1.07 (0.95–1.21)

 Q3(676.00,1136.50)

125/5500

1.04 (0.81–1.34)

557/5500

1.07 (0.95–1.22)

 Q4(1137.00,1732.00)

104/5505

0.84 (0.64–1.10)

496/5505

0.98 (0.86–1.12)

Q5(1732.50,7313.50)

97/5522

0.85 (0.64–1.13)

440/5522

1.01 (0.88–1.15)

P for trend

 

0.074

 

0.656

Sodium (dinner)

 Q1(0.00,661.00)

148/5305

1

645/5305

1

 Q2(661.50,1140)

135/5524

0.93 (0.73–1.19)

599/5524

0.96 (0.85–1.08)

 Q3(1140.50,1617.50)

113/5520

0.76 (0.60–1.00)

514/5520

0.88 (0.78–1.00)

 Q4(1618.00,2304.50)

100/5541

0.72 (0.55–0.96)

504/5541

0.92 (0.81–1.05)

 Q5(2305.00,12,776.00)

105/5565

0.76 (0.57–1.01)

418/5565

0.87 (0.75–1.01)

P for trend

 

0.010

 

0.040

Selenium (breakfast)

 Q1(0.00,11.40)

130/7640

1

603/7640

1

 Q2(11.40,19.20)

111/4962

1.16 (0.90–1.50)

500/4962

0.95 (0.84–1.07)

 Q3(19.20,28.60)

139/4999

1.44 (1.13–1.83)

561/4999

1.07 (0.95–1.21)

 Q4(28.60,42.50)

114/4941

1.08 (0.84–1.41)

585/4941

1.01 (0.90–1.14)

 Q5(42.50,509.25)

107/4913

1.24 (0.95–1.62)

431/4913

0.99 (0.87–1.13)

P for trend

 

0.182

 

0.725

Selenium (lunch)

 Q1(0.00,5.55)

163/6509

1

693/6509

1

 Q2(5.55,22.10)

135/5536

1.04 (0.82–1.31)

623/5536

1.10 (0.98–1.23)

 Q3(22.15,35.65)

112/5126

0.95 (0.74–1.22)

504/5126

1.01 (0.90–1.14)

 Q4(35.65,54.70)

101/5144

0.92 (0.71–1.19)

440/5144

0.97 (0.85–1.10)

 Q5(54.75,888.95)

90/5140

0.88 (0.67–1.16)

420/5140

1.03 (0.90–1.17)

P for trend

 

0.294

 

0.728

Selenium (dinner)

 Q1(0.00,21.90)

152/5938

1

713/5938

1

 Q2(21.90,37.30)

115/5339

0.88 (0.68–1.13)

552/5339

0.94 (0.84–1.06)

 Q3(37.30,53.65)

106/5385

0.85 (0.66–1.10)

493/5385

0.89 (0.79–1.01)

 Q4(53.65,78.00)

123/5388

1.04 (0.80–1.34)

506/5388

1.04 (0.92–1.17)

 Q5(78.05,615.20)

105/5405

0.94 (0.71–1.24)

416/5405

0.94 (0.82–1.08)

P for trend

 

0.973

 

0.773

Zinc (breakfast)

 Q1(0.00,1.04)

100/5994

1

473/5994

1

 Q2(1.05,2.34)

175/7654

1.27 (0.99–1.62)

733/7654

0.95 (0.84–1.07)

 Q3(2.34,4.25)

157/7219

1.21 (0.85–1.42)

749/7219

0.95 (0.85–1.08)

 Q4(4.25,6.54)

98/3814

1.43 (1.07–1.90)

403/3814

1.01 (0.87–1.16)

 Q5(6.54,67.97)

71/2774

1.29 (0.94–1.77)

322/2774

0.97 (0.84–1.13)

P for trend

 

0.084

 

0.909

Zinc (lunch)

 Q1(0.00,0.00)

77/2939

1

325/2939

1

 Q2(0.01,1.45)

155/6429

0.98 (0.76–1.32)

686/6429

1.07 (0.94–1.23)

 Q3(1.45,3.70)

201/8916

0.96 (0.74–1.26)

862/8916

1.02 (0.90–1.17)

 Q4(3.70,6.10)

89/5422

0.72 (0.53–1.00)

469/5422

1.01 (0.87–1.17)

 Q5(6.10,151.99)

79/3749

0.97 (0.69–1.35)

338/3749

1.06 (0.90–1.25)

P for trend

 

0.234

 

0.973

Zinc (dinner)

 Q1(0.00,2.21)

149/6095

1

678/6095

1

 Q2(2.22,4.47)

178/8256

0.91 (0.73–1.14)

793/8256

0.95 (0.85–1.06)

 Q3(4.48,6.40)

106/5256

0.85 (0.65–1.11)

495/5256

0.97 (0.85–1.09)

 Q4(6.40,9.35)

98/4456

0.94 (0.71–1.23)

428/4456

0.99 (0.87–1.13)

 Q5(9.35,166.43)

70/3392

0.86 (0.63–1.19)

286/3392

0.92 (0.78–1.07)

P for trend

 

0.449

 

0.524

Phosphorus (breakfast)

 Q1(0.00,150.00)

88/5548

1

433/5548

1

 Q2(150.50,266.00)

130/5525

1.34 (1.02–1.76)

535/5525

0.94 (0.82–1.07)

 Q3(266.50,386.50)

140/5503

1.35 (1.02–1.77)

609/5503

0.98 (0.86–1.11)

 Q4(387.00,564.00)

124/5476

1.19 (0.90–1.58)

580/5476

0.93 (0.81–1.05)

 Q5(564.50,3297.00)

119/5403

1.22 (0.92–1.63)

523/5403

0.94 (0.82–1.07)

P for trend

 

0.484

 

0.350

Phosphorus (lunch)

 Q1(0.00,70.00)

143/5371

1

594/5371

1

 Q2(70.50,251.50)

133/5562

0.91 (0.71–1.15)

600/5562

1.04 (0.92–1.17)

 Q3(252.00,407.00)

118/5507

0.84 (0.65–1.08)

555/5507

0.99 (0.88–1.12)

 Q4(407.50,610.50)

108/5504

0.79 (0.61–1.03)

486/5504

0.96 (0.84–1.09)

 Q5(611.00,3280.50)

99/5511

0.80 (0.61–1.06)

445/5511

1.01 (0.89–1.16)

P for trend

 

0.066

 

0.665

Phosphorus (dinner)

 Q1(0.00,265.50)

139/5299

1

642/5299

1

 Q2(266.00,432.00)

131/5538

0.91 (0.72–1.17)

564/5538

0.88 (0.78–0.99)

 Q3(432.50,606.50)

119/5529

0.86 (0.66–1.11)

562/5529

0.98 (0.87–1.10)

 Q4(607.00,844.00)

113/5543

0.78 (0.60–1.02)

483/5543

0.85 (0.75–0.97)

 Q5(844.50,4555.00)

99/5546

0.76 (0.56–1.01)

429/5546

0.88 (0.77–1.01)

P for trend

 

0.034

 

0.074

Iron (breakfast)

 Q1(0.00,2.19)

134/7613

1

552/7613

1

 Q2(2.19,4.76)

151/7660

1.02 (0.81–1.29)

735/7660

1.07 (0.95–1.19)

 Q3(4.76,7.60)

142/5288

1.28 (1.00–1.64)

613/5288

1.14 (1.01–1.29)

 Q4(7.60,11.28)

103/3572

1.34 (1.02–1.76)

402/3572

1.06 (0.92–1.21)

 Q5(11.28,85.00)

71/3322

0.97 (0.72–1.32)

378/3322

0.97 (0.84–1.11)

P for trend

 

0.276

 

0.798

Iron (lunch)

 Q1(0.00,0.13)

94/3411

1

377/3411

1

 Q2(0.13,2.53)

174/7429

0.94 (0.73–1.22)

787/7429

1.06 (0.94–1.21)

 Q3(2.53,4.81)

163/7628

0.89 (0.69–1.16)

747/7628

1.07 (0.94–1.22)

 Q4(4.81,7.47)

103/5357

0.81 (0.60–1.08)

457/5357

0.96 (0.83–1.11)

 Q5(7.47,61.02)

67/3630

0.81 (0.58–1.13)

312/3630

1.05 (0.89–1.23)

P for trend

 

0.109

 

0.760

Iron (dinner)

 Q1(0.00,2.98)

168/6440

1

708/6440

1

 Q2(2.98,5.24)

153/7323

0.80 (0.64–1.01)

733/7323

0.94 (0.84–1.04)

 Q3(5.24,7.48)

117/5784

0.82 (0.64–1.05)

5,745,784

1.02 (0.91–1.15)

 Q4(7.48,10.24)

90/4140

0.79 (0.60–1.04)

358/4140

0.88 (0.76–1.00)

 Q5(10.24,97.27)

73/3768

0.79 (0.59–1.07)

307/3768

0.91 (0.78–1.05)

P for trend

 

0.106

 

0.124

  1. Adjustments included age, sex, ethnicity, income, education level, regular exercise, smoking and drinking status, BMI, prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, nutrient supplement use, AHEI, total daily energy intake and total dietary minerals intake. Q, Quintile. HR, hazard ratio