Table 1 Evaluation of bias in articles included in present review using the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool
Bias domain | Vigushin et al. 1998 [22] | Ripple et al. 1998 [23] | Ripple et al. 2000 [24] | Bailey et al. 2008 [25] | Miller et al. 2013 [26] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-intervention | |||||
 Confounding | low | low | low | low | low |
 Selection of participants | low | low | low | low | low |
At intervention | |||||
 Classification of intervention | low | low | low | low | low |
Post intervention | |||||
 Deviation from intended intervention | low | low | low | Serious | low |
 Missing data | low | low | low | low | low |
 Measurement of outcomes | low | low | low | low | low |
 Selection of reported results | low | low | low | low | low |
Overall | low | low | low | Serious | low |