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Table 6 Panel Regression Models

From: A geospatiotemporal and causal inference epidemiological exploration of substance and cannabinoid exposure as drivers of rising US pediatric cancer rates

Model Specification

Parameters

Model Parameters

Instrumental Variables

Lagged Parameter

Parameter

Estimate (C.I.)

P-Value

Adj. R-Squared

Chi.Squ.

F

dF

P

  

Additive model

  

plm(Cancer_Rate ~ Cigarettes + Cannabis + Analgesics + Alcohol + Cocaine)

  

Cannabis

5.31 (1.68, 8.95)

0.0042

0.0790

80.6858

 

3

< 2.2E-16

  

Analgesics

−9.3 (−14.93, −3.67)

0.0012

     
  

Cigarettes

−4.53 (−7.15, −1.92)

0.0007

     
  

Interactive model

  

plm(Cancer_Rate ~ Cigarettes * Cannabis * Analgesics * Alcohol + Cocaine)

  

Cigarettes: Cannabis

24.47 (11.37, 37.57)

0.0003

0.0663

83.1987

 

4

< 2.2E-16

  

Cocaine

−11.93 (−22.84, −1.02)

0.0321

     
  

Analgesics

−8.25 (−14.2, − 2.3)

0.0066

     
  

Cigarettes

−5.83 (−8.92, −2.73)

0.0002

     
  

Interactive Full model

       
  

plm(Cancer_Rate ~ Cigarettes * Cannabis * Analgesics * Alcohol + Cocaine + 6_Races + Income)

  

White

8.57 (7.18, 9.96)

< 2.2E-16

0.1927

23.5694

 

13,736

< 2.2E-16

  

Asian

0.92 (0.67, 1.17)

2.0E-12

     
  

Hispanic

0.71 (0.47, 0.94)

7.1E-09

     
  

Cigarettes

69.38 (39.16, 99.59)

7.9E-06

     
  

Cigarettes: Alcohol: Analgesics

1169.92 (598.17, 1741.68)

6.7E-05

     
  

Cannabis: Alcohol

719.64 (352.45, 1086.83)

1.3E-04

     
  

Cigarettes: Cannabis: Analgesics

2926.99 (1407.72, 4446.25)

0.0002

     
  

Analgesics

58.43 (22.7, 94.17)

0.0014

     
  

Alcohol: Analgesics

709.96 (139.61, 1280.31)

0.0149

     
  

Cannabis: Alcohol: Analgesics

− 5916.9 (− 9125.97, − 2707.83)

0.0003

     
  

Cigarettes: Cannabis

− 345.82 (−521.51, − 170.13)

1.2E-04

     
  

Alcohol

− 153.51 (−219.89, −87.13)

6.8E-06

     
  

Cigarettes: Analgesics

− 716.53 (− 1007.91, −425.15)

1.8E-06

     
  

Interactive Full model - 2 Lags

 

Cigarettes, 2

plm(Cancer_Rate ~ Cigarettes * Cannabis * Analgesics * Alcohol + Cocaine + 6_Races + Income)

 

Cannabis, 2

White

9.28 (7.88, 10.67)

< 2.2E-16

0.2014

 

33.9397

7642

2.0E-01

 

Analgesics, 2

Asian

0.96 (0.71, 1.22)

2.1E-13

     
 

Alcohol, 2

Hispanic

0.67 (0.41, 0.94)

9.4E-07

     
 

Cocaine, 2

Cigarettes

18.29 (9.29, 27.29)

7.6E-05

     
  

Cigarettes: Alcohol: Analgesics

513.89 (96.6, 931.17)

0.0161

     
  

Cigarettes: Analgesics

−92.64 (−154.24, −31.03)

0.0033

     
  

Cigarettes: Alcohol

− 95.72 (− 146.79, −44.65)

0.0003

     
  

Interactive Full model - 4 Lags

  

plm(Cancer_Rate ~ Cigarettes * Cannabis * Analgesics * Alcohol + Cocaine + 6_Races + Income)

 

Cigarettes, 4

White

8.71 (6.97, 10.46)

< 2.2E-16

0.1990

 

17.6055

12,537

< 2.2E-16

 

Cannabis, 4

Hispanic

0.85 (0.54, 1.16)

7.3E-08

     
 

Analgesics, 4

Asian

0.72 (0.4, 1.05)

1.7E-05

     
 

Alcohol, 4

Cigarettes: Cannabis

233.66 (115.14, 352.18)

1.3E-04

     
 

Cocaine, 4

Cigarettes: Alcohol: Analgesics

1975.86 (855.19, 3096.52)

0.0006

     
  

Cannabis: Alcohol: Analgesics

1972.91 (573.99, 3371.83)

0.0059

     
  

Alcohol

105.37 (17.01, 193.73)

0.0198

     
  

AIAN

−8.33 (−14.85, −1.8)

0.0127

     
  

Alcohol: Analgesics

− 647.54 (− 1104.4, − 190.68)

0.0057

     
  

Cannabis: Alcohol

−376.97 (−619.06, − 134.87)

0.0024

     
  

Cigarettes: Alcohol

−286.48 (− 462.48, −110.48)

0.0015

     
  

Cigarettes: Cannabis: Analgesics

− 1300.25 (−2003.68, − 596.83)

0.0003

     
  

Interactive Full model - 5 Lags

  

plm(Cancer_Rate ~ Cigarettes * Cannabis * Analgesics * Alcohol + Cocaine + 6_Races + Income)

THC

Cigarettes, 5

White

6.7228 (5.29, 8.15)

< 2.2E-16

0.2302

233.988

 

10

< 2.2E-16

Cannabigerol

Cannabis, 5

Hispanic

0.652 (0.41, 0.89)

7.2E-08

     

Cannabinol

Analgesics, 5

Asian

0.6755 (0.42, 0.93)

2.6E-07

     

Cannabichromene

Alcohol, 5

Cigarettes: Cannabis

28.717 (14.28, 43.16)

0.0001

     
 

Cocaine, 5

Cigarettes: Cannabis: Alcohol: Analgesics

8122.4789 (3192.57, 13,052.39)

0.0012

     
  

Cannabis: Analgesics

463.7354 (130.9, 796.57)

0.0063

     
  

Cigarettes: Cannabis: Analgesics

− 1099.2482 (−1927.82, −270.68)

0.0093

     
  

Cannabis: Alcohol: Analgesics

− 3523.9404 (− 5495.28, − 1552.6)

0.0005

     
  

AIAN

−9.4157 (−14.03, −4.81)

0.0001

     
  

Cigarettes

−5.1117 (−7.44, −2.78)

1.7E-05

     
  

Interactive Full Model with Racial Cannabis Exposure as Instrumental Variables

THC Exposure

 

plm(Cancer_Rate ~ Cigarettes * Cannabis * Analgesics * Alcohol + Cocaine + 6_Races + Income)

In:

 

White

0.7294 (−11.72, 25.62)

< 2.2E-16

0.2300

232.721

 

9

< 2.2E-16

Caucas-Am.

 

Asian

0.1306 (−9.77, 11.17)

9.2E-08

     

African-Am.

 

Hispanic

0.1202 (−9.65, 10.91)

1.6E-07

     

Hispan-Am.

 

Cigarettes: Cannabis: Alcohol: Analgesics

731.4135 (3112.74, 3129.47)

2.0E-05

     

Asian-Am.

 

Cannabis: Analgesics

35.5327 (136.48, 152.42)

4.8E-05

     

AIAN-Am.

 

Cocaine

4.9629 (7.98, 18.41)

0.0078

     

NHPI-Am.

 

AIAN

2.3266 (−1.45, −16.93)

7.9E-05

     
  

Cannabis: Alcohol: Analgesics

378.1363 (− 1752.55, − 1770.82)

3.2E-06

     
  

Cigarettes: Analgesics

9.4453 (−37.01, −56.39)

7.7E-07

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