Fig. 4

Inulin and GOS enhance DNA damage in Caco-2 cells infected with pks+ E. coli strain NC101. a Representative images of methylene blue staining for quantification of megalocytosis of Caco-2 cells 4 h post-infection (multiplicity of infection = 50 bacteria/cell; magnification 200x). E. coli K-12 was used as a pks- control strain. b-c Quantification of megalocytosis of Caco-2 cells with addition of inulin (b) and GOS (c) in medium. d Scan of In Cell Western image showing DNA DSBs with merged detection of total DNA (red, 680 nm) and γ-H2AX (green, 800 nm). e γ-H2AX fold induction in inulin and GOS (analysis were done on single colored picture). *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001, compared to the control, pks- E. coli K-12 and &P < 0.05, &&P < 0.01, &&&P < 0.001; ANOVA