Table 2 Univariate and multivariate analysis of each factor’s ability to predict CSS of lung carcinoid tumors
Characteristic | CSS | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis | ||||
HR (95% CI) | p value | HR (95% CI) | p value | ||
Age at diagnosis | |||||
< 60 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |||
≥ 60 | 2.384 (1.714–3.316) | 0.000 | 2.277 (1.587–3.267) | 0.000 | |
Race | |||||
White | 1 (reference) | ||||
Others | 1.389 (0.885–2.179) | 0.153 | |||
Gender | |||||
Female | 1 (reference) | ||||
Male | 1.226 (0.894–1.681) | 0.205 | |||
Insurance | |||||
Yes | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |||
No | 1.736 (1.221–2.466) | 0.002 | 1.850 (1.288–2.658) | 0.001 | |
Marital status | |||||
Married | 1 (reference) | ||||
Un-married | 1.072 (0.785–1.465) | 0.662 | |||
Primary site | |||||
Main bronchus | 1 (reference) | ||||
Upper lobe, lung | 2.200 (0.954–5.071) | 0.064 | |||
Middle lobe, lung | 0.680 (0.251–1.839) | 0.447 | |||
Lower lobe, lung | 1.779 (0.771–4.105) | 0.177 | |||
Overlapping lesion of lung | 1.511 (0.377–6.050) | 0.560 | |||
Lung, NOS | 2.754 (0.925–8.205) | 0.069 | |||
Grade | |||||
Well | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |||
Moderately/Pooly/Undifferentiated | 4.48 (3.252–6.171) | 0.000 | 2.182 (1.537–3.098) | 0.000 | |
Laterality | |||||
Right | 1 (reference) | ||||
Other | 1.179 (0.866–1.606) | 0.295 | |||
Historic Stage | |||||
Localized | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |||
Regional/Distant/Unstaged | 4.833 (3.505–6.665) | 0.000 | 1.529 (0.877–2.665) | 0.134 | |
Histological type | |||||
Typical carcinoid | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |||
Atypical carcinoid | 4.767 (3.462–6.564) | 0.000 | 1.962 (1.340–2.872) | 0.001 | |
T stage | |||||
T1 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |||
T2-T4 | 3.228 (2.308–4.514) | 0.000 | 1.142 (0.732–1.784) | 0.558 | |
N stage | |||||
No | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |||
N1-N3 | 4.979 (3.658–6.778) | 0.000 | 1.606 (1.025–2.515) | 0.039 | |
M stage | |||||
M0 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |||
M1 | 9.292 (6.648–12.99) | 0.000 | 1.892 (1.142–3.135) | 0.013 | |
Surgery | |||||
No | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |||
Lobectomy | 0.116 (0.081–0.166) | 0.000 | 0.332 (0.208–0.532) | 0.000 | |
Local resection/destrubition | 0.038 (0.009–0.155) | 0.000 | 0.148 (0.035–0.627) | 0.010 | |
Wedge resection | 0.178 (0.105–0.302) | 0.000 | 0.675 (0.366–1.244) | 0.207 | |
Pneumonectomy | 0.020 (0.108–0.382) | 0.000 | 0.260 (0.122–0.557) | 0.001 | |
Surgery, NOS | 0.000 (0.000-Inf) | 0.993 | 0.000 (0.000-Inf) | 0.993 | |
Radiation | |||||
No | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |||
Yes | 7.591 (5.331–10.81) | 0.000 | 1.796 (1.028–3.139) | 0.040 | |
Chemotherapy | |||||
No | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |||
Yes | 7.854 (5.563–11.09) | 0.000 | 1.332 (0.859–2.064) | 0.201 | |
Radiation after surgery | |||||
No | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |||
Yes | 3.981 (2.433–6.515) | 0.000 | 0.667 (0.318–1.401) | 0.285 | |
Tumor size | |||||
< 20 mm | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |||
20-40 mm | 2.102 (1.388–3.184) | 0.000 | 1.660 (1.071–2.574) | 0.023 | |
> 40 mm | 6.473 (4.190–9.999) | 0.000 | 3.206 (1.867–5.508) | 0.000 | |