Table 5 Competing risk multistate model
Variable | Cancer related death | Non-cancer related death | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
HR (95% Confidence Limit) | P value | HR (95% Confidence Limit) | P value | |
Age group | ||||
  < =60 | Reference |  |  |  |
 61–70 | 1.05 (1.00–1.10) | 0.074 | 1.24 (1.05–1.46) | 0.010 |
 71–80 | 1.01 (0.96–1.06) | 0.760 | 1.60 (1.36–1.88) | < 0.0001 |
  > 80 | 1.07 (1.00–1.14) | 0.037 | 1.34 (1.10–1.63) | 0.004 |
Sex | ||||
 Male | Reference |  |  |  |
 Female | 0.89 (0.85–0.92) | < 0.0001 | 0.95 (0.87–1.05) | 0.340 |
Year of diagnosis | 0.98 (0.98–0.99) | < 0.0001 | 1.06 (1.05–1.08) | < 0.0001 |
CCI score | ||||
 0 | Reference |  |  |  |
 1 | 0.95 (0.89–1.02) | 0.140 | 1.07 (0.88–1.31) | 0.480 |
 2 | 1.11 (1.05–1.17) | 0.001 | 1.10 (0.94–1.30) | 0.250 |
CVD | ||||
 Without CVD | Reference |  |  |  |
 With CVD | 0.98 (0.94–1.03) | 0.460 | 1.48 (1.33–1.64) | < 0.0001 |
Grade | ||||
 1 | Reference |  |  |  |
 2 | 1.43 (1.25–1.63) | < 0.0001 | 1.18 (0.91–1.53) | 0.220 |
 3 | 1.71 (1.51–1.94) | < 0.0001 | 1.02 (0.78–1.34) | 0.870 |
 Unknown | 1.53 (1.35–1.73) | < 0.0001 | 1.10 (0.84–1.44) | 0.480 |
Histology | ||||
 Adenocarcinoma | Reference |  |  |  |
 Carcinoid/LCNE | 0.83 (0.72–0.96) | 0.011 | 0.83 (0.59–1.167) | 0.280 |
 Large cell ca | 1.19 (1.01–1.41) | 0.036 | 0.80 (0.49–1.321) | 0.390 |
 Others | 1.18 (1.12–1.24) | < 0.0001 | 0.83 (0.72–0.949) | 0.007 |
 SCC | 1.00 (0.96–1.06) | 0.780 | 1.16 (1.02–1.323) | 0.030 |
 SCLC | 1.40 (1.31–1.49) | < 0.0001 | 0.96 (0.79–1.17) | 0.700 |
T stage | ||||
 T0 | Reference |  |  |  |
 T1 | 1.06 (0.79–1.42) | 0.680 | 1.32 (0.50–3.47) | 0.570 |
 T2 | 1.54 (1.16–2.06) | 0.003 | 1.06 (0.40–2.77) | 0.910 |
 T3 | 1.94 (1.44–2.62) | < 0.0001 | 0.86 (0.32–2.32) | 0.760 |
 T4 | 2.04 (1.53–2.72) | < 0.0001 | 0.78 (0.30–2.05) | 0.620 |
 Unknown | 1.48 (1.10–1.99) | 0.010 | 1.14 (0.43–2.99) | 0.800 |
N stage | ||||
 N0 | Reference |  |  |  |
 N1 | 1.38 (1.29–1.48) | < 0.0001 | 0.80 (0.67–0.95) | 0.011 |
 N2 | 1.69 (1.61–1.78) | < 0.0001 | 0.53 (0.46–0.61) | < 0.0001 |
 N3 | 1.73 (1.63–1.84) | < 0.0001 | 0.56 (0.46–0.67) | < 0.0001 |
 Unknown | 1.45 (1.31–1.60) | < 0.0001 | 0.87 (0.68–1.11) | 0.250 |
M stage | ||||
 M0 | Reference |  |  |  |
 M1 | 1.88 (1.80–1.96) | < 0.0001 | 0.46 (0.40–0.52) | < 0.0001 |
 Unknown | 0.89 (0.76–1.04) | 0.160 | 1.13 (0.79–1.62) | 0.510 |
Lateral | ||||
 Bilateral | Reference |  |  |  |
 Left | 1.05 (0.88–1.26) | 0.570 | 1.06 (0.56–1.99) | 0.870 |
 Right | 1.06 (0.89–1.28) | 0.490 | 0.99 (0.53–1.88) | 0.990 |
 Unknown | 1.52 (1.21–1.90) | < 0.0001 | 0.97 (0.45–2.10) | 0.940 |
Surgery type | ||||
 No surgery | Reference |  |  |  |
 Lobectomy or segmental | 0.32 (0.30–0.35) | < 0.0001 | 0.72 (0.59–0.88) | 0.002 |
 Pneumonectomy | 0.48 (0.40–0.57) | < 0.0001 | 0.73 (0.48–1.13) | 0.160 |
Chemotherapy | ||||
 0 | Reference |  |  |  |
 1 | 0.47 (0.45–0.49) | < 0.0001 | 1.14 (1.00–1.30) | 0.047 |
Radiation | ||||
 0 | Reference |  |  |  |
 1 | 0.74 (0.71–0.77) | < 0.0001 | 0.90 (0.80–1.02) | 0.110 |
Immunotherapy | ||||
 0 | Reference |  |  |  |
 1 | 0.52 (0.32–0.85) | 0.010 | 1.44 (0.33–6.31) | 0.620 |
Surgery institution type | ||||
 Academic | Reference |  |  |  |
 Community | 1.07 (1.03–1.12) | 0.002 | 0.72 (0.63–0.83) | < 0.0001 |
Driving time to the nearest cancer center (hours) | ||||
 1 | Reference |  |  |  |
 2 | 1.06 (0.99–1.13) | 0.074 | 0.94 (0.79–1.11) | 0.440 |
  > 2 | 0.88 (0.79–0.97) | 0.013 | 1.15 (0.89–1.49) | 0.290 |
Zone name | ||||
 Calgary | Reference |  |  |  |
 Central | 1.02 (0.95–1.09) | 0.640 | 1.22 (1.02–1.46) | 0.030 |
 Edmonton | 1.09 (1.04–1.14) | 0.001 | 0.84 (0.74–0.96) | 0.009 |
 North | 1.19 (1.07–1.32) | 0.001 | 1.02 (0.77–1.34) | 0.910 |
 South | 1.10 (1.02–1.20) | 0.019 | 1.15 (0.93–1.43) | 0.190 |
Educational levela | ||||
  < = 80% | Reference |  |  |  |
  > 80% | 1.00 (0.96–1.04) | 0.950 | 0.96 (0.86–1.07) | 0.480 |
Income level | ||||
  < = 46 k | Reference |  |  |  |
  > 46 k | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) | 0.430 | 0.92 (0.82–1.03) | 0.160 |