Fig. 2

Effect of osteoblasts pretreated with ISO on migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells. a Schematic of the MC3T3 E1/primary osteoblast-PC-3/DU145 co-culture transwell migration and invasion assays. b Migration and invasion of PC-3 and DU145 cells were measured over 12 h and 24 h, respectively, in the co-culture with MC3T3 E1 with or without 10 μM ISO, or PC-3 and DU145 cells were prior to the addition of 10 μM propranolol (Pro), a non-selective βAR antagonist, for 30 min in order to block βAR signaling in cancer cells (left). Quantitative analysis of relative cell migration and invasion (n = 3) (right). c Migration and invasion of PC-3 and DU145 cells were measured over 12 h and 24 h, respectively, in the co-culture with primary osteoblasts and the experimental procedures were similar to (b) (left). Quantification of relative migration and invasion (right) (n = 3). Scales bars, 100 μm; Data represent the mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and n.s. not significant