Table 3 Molecular pathways and proteins in different cancers
| Molecular Pathway | Proteins | Functional clustering |
|---|---|---|
| Breast cancer | ||
|
↑ caspase-9/cytochrome c-mediated apoptosis [11]; TRAIL(TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand)-mediated apoptosis [12] ↓ cell proliferation [14] |
↑ caspase-3 [11, 12]; caspase-9, ClvC-3, Bax, Ligase4 [11]; PARP, P53 [12] ↓ Bcl-2 [11]; P65, Mcl-1 [12]; PCNA [14] | Proliferation(including apoptosis) |
| ↑ intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels [14] |
↑ MDA [14] ↓ SOD, CAT, GSH, Vit-C [14] | Intracellular oxidative stress |
| ↓ inflammation [14] | ↓ IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, NF-kB [14] | Inflammation |
| ↓ TGF-β1-induced cell migration [13]; vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP)-induced cell migration [16] |
↓TGF-β1, MMP-2, MMP-9 [13] No effect: VASP [16] | Migration |
| Liver cancer | ||
|
↑ Fas-mediated apoptosis [17] ↓ arachidonic acid metabolic pathway [18]; Id-1-induced cell proliferation [19] |
↑Fas, P53, caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9 [17] ↓ PGE2, cPLA2, COX-2 [18]; Id-1 [19] No effect: caspase-3, caspase-9 [18] | Proliferation(including apoptosis) |
| ↓ Id-1-induced angiogenesis [19] | ↓ Id-1, VEGF, HIF-1α [19] | Angiogenesis |
| ↓ Id-1-induced migration [19] | ↓Id-1 [19] | Migration |
| Colon cancer | ||
| ↓ β-catenin - induced proliferation by binding RXR [21]; cell proliferation by inducing the G2/M phase arrest and down-regulated the expression of the related cyclins [22] |
↑ c-Cbl, p21WAF1/CIP1 [21] ↓ Cdc2 [21, 22]; PCNA, β-catenin, Ki-67, c-myc, RXRα [21]; cyclin B1, cdc25c [22] | Proliferation(including cell cycle arrest) |
| Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | ||
| ↓cell proliferation via an Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1(EBNA1)-dependent mechanism [23]; cell proliferation by inhibiting STAT3 activation [24] |
↑ Cleaved PARP [24] ↓ Mcl-1, p-STAT3 [23, 24]; EBNA1 [23] | Proliferation |
| Lung cancer | ||
|
↑ G1 cell cycle arrest [25]; P53-Induced growth inhibition and apoptosis [26] ↓cell proliferation via MAPK pathways [25] |
↑ P53 [25, 26]; Bax, Bak, caspase-3 [26] ↓ p-Akt, p-CREB, p-MAPK, cyclin B1 [25]; Bcl-2, Bcl-xl [26] | Proliferation(including apoptosis and cell cycle arrest) |
| Gastric cancer | ||
|
↑ apoptosis and cell cycle arrest via inhibiting EGFR signaling [27] ↓ cell proliferation via MAPK pathways [28] | ↓pERK [27, 28]; pAKT, pSTAT3, pNFκB, NFκB, Bcl-xL, cyclin D1 [27]; p-P38 MAPK, p-JNK, IL-8 [28] | Proliferation(including apoptosis and cell cycle arrest) |
| Neuroepithelial cancer | ||
|
↑ ERK1/2-mediated impairment of mitochondrial aerobic respiration and autophagy [30] ↓cancer growth by suppressing Hedgehog signaling pathway [29] |
↑ C-parp-1, LC3II [30] ↓ Gli1, PTCH1 [29]; Ki-67, p-ERK1/2 [30] | Proliferation(including autophagy) |
| Endometrial carcinoma | ||
| ↓ cell growth via miR-101/COX-2 [31] | ↓ COX-2, PGE2 [31] | Proliferation |
| ↓ cell metastasis via miR-101/COX-2 [31] | ↓ COX-2, PGE2 [31] | Migration |
| Esophageal cancer | ||
| ↑ cell growth inhibition, apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase [32] |
↑ P21, P27, P53, cleaved-PARP, caspase-3, Bax [32] ↓ PI3K, Rac, p-JAK2, p-STAT3, Wnt3a, β-catenin, Bcl-2, Mcl-1, XIAP, Ki-67, cyclin B, cyclin D, cyclin E, CDK1, CDK2, CDK4, CDK6 [32] | Proliferation(including apoptosis and cell cycle arrest) |
| Cholangiocarcinoma | ||
|
↑ G1 cell cycle arrest [34] ↓ cell proliferation [34] | ↓ PCNA, cyclin D1, cyclin E [34] | Proliferation(including cell cycle arrest) |