Table 1 Risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma
Risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma | |
|---|---|
 Cholestatic liver diseases | Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC) |
Fibropolycystic liver diseases | |
Congenital hepatic fibrosis | |
Caroli disease | |
Choledochal cysts | |
Biliary hamartomas | |
    Liver cirrhosis (any aetiology) | |
 Biliary stone disease | Cholecystolithiasis |
Hepatolithiasis | |
Choledocholithiasis | |
 Infections | Liver flukes |
Hepatitis B and C | |
Chronic typhoid disease | |
Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis | |
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) | |
 Inflammatory disorders | Inflammatory bowel disease |
Chronic pancreatitis | |
Gout | |
Thyrotoxicosis | |
 Toxins | Alcohol |
Tobacco | |
Thorotrast (contrast agent) | |
Chemical toxins, e.g. dioxins, vinyl chloride, nitrosamines | |
 Metabolic conditions | Diabetes |
Obesity | |
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) | |
 Genetic disorders | Lynch syndrome (Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer) |
Bile salt transporter protein gene defects | |
 Other | Intraductal Papillary Neoplasms of the Bile duct (IPNB) |