Fig. 5

Integration of the three pathways altered by CKI. a General presentation of energy metabolism affected by CKI. Glucose utilisation is down-regulated by CKI. This is accompanied by increased lactate in the cytoplasm as CKI inhibits glucose metabolism downstream of glycolysis, leading to an increase in [ADP]/[ATP] and decrease in NADH/NADPH. b Effects on DNA repair in cancer cells by CKI. CKI may be able to directly induce DSBs, but may also indirectly induce DSBs by arresting checkpoint functions during the cell cycle. In addition, CKI may also inhibit NHEJ, the major repair mechanism for DSBs. c Reactome functional enrichment of cell cycle genes based on shared differentially expressed (DE) genes from previous studies. From M/G1 to S phase, the shared DE genes from both cell lines were significantly enriched. Most of these DE genes, were down-regulated