Fig. 4

Metabolite profile of control and ALDH7A1-depleted primary cells. a Principal component analysis score plot with pareto scaling. First and second component scores were plotted. Blue dots show control cells (C1 and C2). Red dots show ALDH7A1-depleted cells (sh1 and sh2). The first PCA component accounted for 77% of the variation and significantly discriminated between control and ALDH7A1-depleted cells. b Volcano plot of significance versus log₂-fold change of all intensity points of the spectra above background. The x axis shows log₂FC between control and ALDH7A1-depleted cells of all intensity points, while the y axis shows the odds ratio (−log₁₀(adjusted p-value)). Significantly increased and decreased spectral points are shown in red and blue, respectively. Adjusted p-value threshold < 0.001, log₂FC +/− 0.5. c ¹H NMR spectra. Average spectra of all control (blue) and ALDH7A1-depleted cell samples (red). All assigned metabolite signals are indicated. Significantly upregulated metabolites appear as red. Significantly down-regulated metabolites appear as blue. Overlap, indicating no change, appears black. d Detail showing region (3.15–3.25) containing the identified phosphocholine and glycerophosphocholine signals