Table 1 Summary characteristics of studies included in review
First author, publication year, country, design & period of conduct | Healthcare context, setting and facilities, n | Target population | Total randomised, N | Intervention & randomised patients, N | Comparator(s) & randomised patients, N | Age: mean (SD) & target (range), years | Race or ethnicity, % | Ever screened, % | Family history of PC, % | Married, % | Education: >HS, % | Employment in full- or part-time, % | Participating HCP & specialty, n | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White | Black | Hispanic | |||||||||||||
Wilkes, 2013 [41] USA RCT, cluster May 2007 to Dec 2008 | General medicine Primary care networks academic-medical-centre affiliated, 2 Staff model health maintenance organisations, 2 Medical group practice network, 1 | Men with no serious comorbidity (including any known cancer) and English speakers. Physicians consented to participate in educational activities and to help recruit patients | 55 waiting areas, 712 patients, 120 physicians | 1) MD-Ed + A: interactive web-based physician educational program (30 min) with information about PC and screening + web-based patient activation (30 min) + access to CDC brochure; N = 19 waiting areas, 113 patients, 36 physicians 2) MD-Ed: interactive web-based physician educational program (30 min) with information about PC and screening + access to CDC brochure; N = 19 waiting areas, 246 patients, 41 physicians | CDC educational brochures; N = 17 waiting areas, 353 patients, 43 physicians | 63.2 (7.0) (55–65) | 74.5 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 82.7 | 18.4 | 80.0 | 89.5 | 42.5 | Internal and family medicine physicians with ≥4–40 years’ experience since clinical training completed, 120 |
Landrey, 2013 [42] USA RCT, parallel Oct 2009 to Aug 2010 | General medicine General internal medicine practices University-Hospital affiliated, 2 | Men scheduled to have an annual health maintenance exam between October 2009 and August 2010 | 303 | Flyer about PC and PSA screening with patient encouragement to talk with providers; N = 145 | No flyer; N = 158 | 62.0 (nr) (50–74) | 56.5 | 5.3 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 75.6 | nr | nr | Internal medicine physicians, 44 |
Krist, 2007 [43, 44] (Woolf, 2005) USA RCT, parallel Jun 2002 to Jun 2004 | General medicine Suburban family practice centre, 1 | Men with a scheduled health maintenance examination | 497 | 1) Web-based informational DA about PC and PSA screening; N = 226 2) Pamphlet, paper version of web-based DA (with same information); N = 196 | No pre-visit educational material and no DA during discussions with physicians; N = 75 | 56.6 (4.0) (50–70) | 90.8 | 2.6 | 0.0 | 68.5 | 0.0 | nr | 84.1 | nr | Family physicians, 29: 13 faculty, 8 second-year residents, 8 third-year residents |
Gatellari, 2003 [45] AUS RCT, parallel Period, nr | General medicine Urban general practices, 13 | Men sufficiently fluent in English, not diagnosed with PC, from 13 GPs in urban Sydney | 248 | 32-page (3085-word) evidence-based informational booklet about PC and PSA screening in quantitative data form with maximised readability with Flesch–Kincaid grade level = 7.3; N = 126 | 968-word pamphlet by the Australian government with information to advise men of the agreed policy about PSA screening, in non-numerical data form with Flesch–Kincaid grade level = 11.2; N = 122 | 54 (8.6) (40–70) | nr | nr | nr | 36.3 | nr | 71.5 | 30.4 | 57.5 | Family physicians, 13 |