Fig. 7

Preparation of cisplatin and cisplatin-metformin nano-cubosomes using the emulsification technique. Treatment of CRC cells with drug-loaded nano-cubosomes result in a substantial inhibition of several metabolic pathways, including AMPK/mTOR and Akt/mTOR pathways. The resultant ATP and glucose depletion leads to an increased oxidative stress and therefore apoptosis. Another mechanism for the cytotoxic effect of the nano-cubosomes is the inhibition of LDH activity which in turn results in caspase-3 activation