Fig. 1

The effects of metformin and VPA on RCC cells proliferation. a, b RCC cells were incubated with increasing concentrations of metformin (Met) or VPA. Survival rates (%) were compared with the corresponding untreated cells. The IC50 values of metformin or VPA were calculated by SPSS software. c RCC cells were incubated with increasing concentrations of VPA and metformin combination for 48 h. Survival rates (%) were compared with the corresponding untreated cells. d The combination index (CI) of different combination groups with various concentrations of VPA and metformin