Fig. 5
Bile acid triggers production of reactive oxygen species in TWO4 cells. TWO4 cells were treated with 0.5 and 1.0 mM of BA at pH 7.4 and pH 5.8 for 3 h. 5 mM of H2O2 was included as a positive control. After exposure, ROS determination and fluorescence microscopy analysis were performed as described in “Methods” section. a Percentages of increased ROS generation in BA-treated TWO4 cells. Data are means and SD of five independent experiments carried out in triplicate. Values are presented in percentages with respect to values obtained from the untreated control. The differences between the untreated control and treated groups were compared by using Student’s t-test, * p < 0.01, ** p < 0.001. b Representative fluorescence microscopic images showing the BA-treated TWO4 cells are shown. Magnification 100X, bar = 200 μm