Table 1 Descriptive statistics and univariate comparisons between current and past smokers at the time of the cancer onset
Past Smokers | Current Smokers | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Number of subjects (n; %) | 177 (52.1%) | 163 (47.9%) | |
Gender (n females; %) | 27 (15.3%) | 35 (21.5%) | 0.14 |
Age (m ± SD) | 61.9 ± 9.7 | 56.0 ± 8.0 | < 0.0001 |
Educational level | 0.45 | ||
Elementary / primary school | 75 (42.4%) | 68 (41.7%) | |
Secondary / high school | 75 (42.4%) | 77 (47.2%) | |
Undergraduate and more/ college or university | 27 (15.2%) | 18 (11.1%) | |
Workers (n; %) | 58 (32.8%) | 98 (60.1%) | < 0.0001 |
Married (n; %) | 124 (70.1%) | 97 (59.5%) | 0.04 |
Living alone (n; %) | 35 (19.8%) | 45 (27.6%) | 0.09 |
Cancer | |||
Localization | < 0.0001 | ||
1 = lung | 119 (67.2%) | 58 (35.6%) | |
2 = head & neck | 58 (32.8%) | 105 (64.4%) | |
“0” score at the ECOG performance status (n; %) | 77 (43.5%) | 47 (28.8%) | 0.005 |
TNM Grade 4 (N = 299) (n; %) | 97 (59.2%) | 73 (54.1%) | 0.38 |
Presence of metastases (N = 296) (n; %) | 72 (44.7%) | 40 (29.6%) | 0.008 |
Tobacco | |||
Age of first cigarette (years; m ± SD) | 15.6 ± 3.8 | 15.6 ± 4.1 | 0.95 |
Lifelong reported types of smoking, (N = 339) (n; %) | |||
Manufactured cigarettes | 172 (97.2%) | 154 (95.1%) | 0.31 |
Roll-up cigarettes | 64 (36.2%) | 91 (56.2%) | 0.0002 |
Cigarillos | 82 (46.3%) | 58 (35.8%) | 0.05 |
Cigars | 55 (31.1%) | 40 (24.7%) | 0.19 |
Pipe | 50 (28.3%) | 26 (16.1%) | 0.007 |
Alcohol | |||
12-month use (n; %) | 140 (79.1%) | 122 (74.8%) | 0.35 |
12-month misuse (n; %) | 51 (28.8%) | 70 (42.9%) | 0.007 |
AUDIT, (N = 322) (median [IQ]) | 4 [2–6] | 6 [2–11] | 0.002a |
AUDIT-C, (N = 322) (median [IQ]) | 4 [1–5] | 5 [1–7] | 0.01a |
CAST (m ± SD) | 0.10 ± 0.43 | 0.22 ± 0.59 | 0.019a |
MINI 5.0 (N = 337) | |||
TOTAL (n; %) | 61 (34.9%) | 72 (44.4%) | 0.07 |
Current MDD (n; %) | 23 (13.1%) | 29 (17.9%) | 0.22 |
Dysthymia (n; %) | 2 (1.1%) | 3 (1.9%) | 0.67b |
Suicide risk (n; %) | 39 (22.3%) | 43 (26.5%) | 0.36 |
Lifelong mania/hypomania (n; %) | 2 (1.1%) | 7 (4.3%) | 0.09b |
Schizophrenia (n; %) | 10 (5.7%) | 14 (8.6%) | 0.30 |
Panic disorder/ agoraphobia (n; %) | 16 (9.1%) | 27 (16.7%) | 0.04 |
Eating Disorder (n; %) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | NA |
Generalized anxiety (n; %) | 7 (4.0%) | 3 (1.9%) | 0.34b |
Antisocial personality disorder (n; %) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (1.9%) | 0.12b |
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (n; %) | 1 (0.6%) | 2 (1.2%) | 0.61b |
PTSD (n; %) | 1 (0.6%) | 4 (2.5%) | 0.20b |
Other SUD (n; %) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.6%) | 0.48b |