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Table 4 Association between smoking history and prostate cancer aggressiveness at diagnosis

From: Smoking and prostate cancer: a life course analysis

Smoking assessment approaches.

Gleason ≤ 6

Gleason ≥ 7

Gleason = 7

Gleason ≥ 8

Cases n = 101

OR (95% CI)

Cases n = 282

OR (95% CI)

Cases n = 140

OR (95% CI)

Cases n = 134

OR (95% CI)

Smoking status at interviewa

 Never

35

1.0

91

1.0

47

1.0

39

1.0

 Former

54

1.30(0.58–2.85)

147

1.03(0.60–1.77)

73

1.03(0.51–2.07)

72

0.99 (0.47–2.08)

 Current

12

0.57(0.12–2.80)

44

0.97(0.35–2.68)

20

0.33(0.11–0.93)

23

0.42 (0.34–5.35)

Average smoking index in life (packs/years)b

 Never smoker

35

1.0

91

1.0

47

1.0

39

1.0

 0.15–5.2

24

1.08(0.61–1.94

57

1.03(0.69–1.55)

29

0.98(0.58–1.65)

27

1.15 (0.65–2.0)

 5.3–14.0

16

0.73(0.38–1.39)

57

0.98(0.66–1.48)

29

1.02(0.61–1.72)

27

1.06 (0.60–1.86)

 14.01–112.0

26

1.08(0.61–1.90)

77

1.14(0.78–1.67)

35

1.04(0.63–1.72)

41

1.42 (0.85–2.36)

Life course smoking patterns

Among ever smokerb, c

 Never

35

1.0

91

1.0

47

1.0

39

1.0

 A

59

1.02(0.64–1.63)

160

1.05(0.76–1.45)

84

1.36(0.88–2.11)

73

1.11(0.71–1.74)

 B

7

0.85(0.35–2.08)

31

1.30(0.76–2.22)

9

1.64(0.65–4.15)

22

2.30 (1.21–4.38)

Life course smoking patterns

Among former smokerb, c

 Never

35

1.0

91

1.0

47

1.0

39

1.0

 A

46

1.29(0.78–2.13)

121

1.30 (0.92–1.83)

65

1.35 (0.64–2.84)

54

1.34 (0.83–2.17)

 B

8

2.58(0.99–6.75)

26

2.59 (1.35–4.98)

8

3.23 (0.64–16.3)

18

4.65 (2.17–9.92)

  1. Text in bold denotes statistical significance
  2. Gleason ≤6 well-differentiated PC, Gleason ≥7 highly aggressive PC, Gleason = 7 Moderately differentiated PC and Gleason ≥8 Poorly differentiated
  3. Gleason information was available for 383 cases
  4. aAll models for smoker status at interview, were adjusted by age at interview, educational level, family history of prostate cancer in first-degree relatives, chronic and sexually transmitted diseases, life course physical activity, dairy and energy intake, number of cigarettes and smoking duration
  5. bAll models were adjusted by age at interview, educational level, family history of prostate cancer in first-degree relatives, chronic and sexually transmitted diseases, life course physical activity, dairy and energy intake
  6. cPattern A: characterized by males who reported low and constant smoking intensity, Pattern B: males with an initial period of low smoking intensity, followed by an increase during the second period
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BMC Cancer

ISSN: 1471-2407

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